Table 1:
Description of each factor and element of social enterprise scaling
| Factors | Considerations | Elements | Authors |
|---|---|---|---|
| Drivers to Scale | What is driving or motivating the social enterprise to scale? | Leader driven Demand-driven Opportunity driven | Cliff 1988 Shepherd 2003 Smith et al., 2016 Wiklund and Shepherd, 2003 |
| Forms of Scaling | What form of scaling is most suitable to achieve the desired social impact? | Scale Deep Scale Up Scale-Out | Dees et al. 2004 Moore et al., 2015 |
| Critical Success Factors | What are the critical social changes that need to be made to achieve the desired social impact? | Mission Unbundling Space Resource | Bradach and Grindle, 2014 Han and Shah, 2020 Lawrimore 2011 Mulgan 2006 Seelos and Mair 2005,2019 |
| Routes to Scale | What are the practical routes to scaling available to achieve the desired social impact? | Bricolage Supply Demand Three-Step Strategies Pathway Models | Baker and Nelson, 2005 Dees et al. 2004 Elkington and Hartigan 2008 Lyon and Fernandez 2012 Mulgan, Tuck, Ali and Sanders 2007 Waitzer and Paul 2011 |
| Readiness & Capabilities | How does the social enterprise currently stack up, what capabilities does it need to acquire and how does it identify them? | Barriers Resources Systems | Bloom and Chatterji 2009 Bloom and Smith, 2010 Cannatelli 2017 Dees et al. 2004 Gauthier et al., 2019 Mulgan et al. 2007 Weber, Kroeger et al. 2012 |
| Supports | What external supports does the social enterprise need to leverage to achieve the desired social impact? | Financing External expertise Governance | Bacq and Eddleston, 2018 Han and Shah, 2020 O’Shaughnessy 2019 Elkington, Hartigan and Litovsky 2010 Santos, Pache and Birkholz 2015 Weber, Kroeger et al. 2012 |
Table 2:
Links between factors referred to in existing literature:
| Reference | Linkage |
|---|---|
| Bloom and Chatterji (2009) | Capabilities to Ecosystem |
| Bloom and Smith (2010) | Capabilities to Ecosystem |
| Bradach (2003) | Routes to Forms |
| Bradach (2009) | Minor linkage reference to Ecosystem supports - specifically looking at Franchise. |
| Bradach and Grindle (2014) | Routes -Some are more ‘tips’ to transformative scale: Very briefly refers to the need for capabilities. |
| Cannatelli, B. (2017) | Capabilities to Ecosystem |
| Dees, Anderson and Wei-Skillern (2004) | CSF to Forms to Routes to Supports |
| Desa and Koch (2014) | CSF to Routes to capabilities |
| Elkington and Hartigan (2008) | Routes to Ecosystem to Support |
| Gauthier, Ruane and Berry (2019) | Capabilities to Ecosystem |
| Han and Shah (2020) | Routes to Supports to Ecosystem to Capabilities |
| Lyon and Fernandez (2012) | Forms/Routes to Capabilities |
| Waitzer and Paul (2011) | Routes to Ecosystem |
Figure 1:
Factors and Elements of the scaling process (Author’s own)