Figure 1
Impact of origin on political and social measures controlling for LM characteristics, gender, age and educationa: Standardised coefficients reported: (T-values in parentheses)
| Mean generalised trust | Mean trust in politicians | Mean satisfaction with democracy | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Generation | ns (−.9) | 0.11** (10.8) | 0.18** (17.3) |
| 2nd Generation | ns (2.1) | ns (1.8) | ns (−0.2) |
| Reference category: Natives | |||
| Labour market characteristics | |||
| Occupation | |||
| Higher manual | ns (1.9) | ns (0.7) | ns (0.6) |
| Routine WC | ns (1.5) | 0.06** (4.4) | ns (2.3) |
| Higher WC | 0.07** (4.7) | 0.06** (4.3) | ns (2.3) |
| Reference category: Lower manual | |||
| Income | |||
| 2. Difficult | 0.11** (6.4) | 0.09** (5.2) | ns (1.3) |
| 3. Coping | 0.24** (11.8) | 0.21** (10.2) | 0.1** (5.0) |
| 4. Comfortable | 0.31** (16.0) | 0.3** (14.7) | 0.19** (9.2) |
| Reference category: Very difficult | |||
| Unemployed | −0.04** (3.3) | −0.08** (7.7) | −0.08** (7.3) |
| Discriminated against | −0.04** (4.1) | −0.08** (7.7) | −0.08** (7.7) |
| Controls | |||
| Gender/male | ns (1.0) | 0.06** (5.4) | 0.09** (7.9) |
| Over 45 age | ns (2.0) | 0.07** (6.4) | 0.07** (6.1) |
| Under 13 years of Education | −0.08** (7.2) | −0.07** (6.0) | −0.1** (8.7) |
| R2 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
| F score | 55** | 70** | 67** |
| N | 9401 | 9028 | 9048 |
Means and significant differences between Non-Western and Eastern European immigrants
| Non-Western immigrants | Eastern European immigrants | Two-tailed T-test | Significance | N | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Satisfaction with democracy | 6.2 | 6.47 | .12 | ns | 673 |
| Trust in state institutions | 5.0 | 4.9 | .14 | ns | 599 |
| Generalised trust in people | 5.4 | 5.6 | .87 | ns | 730 |
Impact of LM characteristics on political and social measures by ethnic origin (Standardised beta coefficients reported: T-values in parentheses)
| Generalised trust in people | Trust political institutions | Satisfaction with democracy | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natives | 1st Gen | 2nd Gen | Natives | 1st Gen | 2nd Gen | Natives | 1st Gen | 2nd Gen | |
| Occupation | |||||||||
| Higher managerial | ns(1.7) | ns(1.0) | ns(−.3) | ns(0.2) | ns(1.6) | ns(0.8) | ns(0.2) | ns(1.6) | ns(1.1) |
| Routine white collar | ns(1.0) | ns(1.3) | ns(0.5) | 0.06**(4.1) | ns(1.4) | ns(1.3) | ns(2.4) | ns(0.3) | ns(0.8) |
| Higher white collar | 0.06**(4.1) | ns(2.5) | ns(0.1) | 0.06**(3.8) | ns(1.4) | ns(1.9) | ns(2.4) | ns(0.2) | ns(0.7) |
| Ref cat.: lower | manual | ||||||||
| Income | |||||||||
| Difficult | 0.11**(6.3) | ns(1.1) | ns(1.3) | 0.09**(4.9) | ns(1.4) | ns(0.2) | ns(1.0) | ns(1.1) | ns(0.4) |
| Coping | 0.26**(11.9) | ns(1.6) | ns(1.8) | 0.22**(10.0) | ns(1.4) | ns(1.3) | 0.12**(5.2) | ns(0.3) | ns(0.1) |
| Comfortable | 0.34**(16.0) | ns(1.0) | 0.46*(3) | 0.31**(14.4) | ns(1.6) | ns(2.1) | 0.2**(9.0) | ns(1.4) | ns(1.7) |
| Ref. cat.: Very | difficult | ||||||||
| Unemployed | −0.03*(2.7) | −0.12**(2.8) | ns(1.7) | −0.09**(8.2) | ns(0.6) | ns(0.9) | −0.08**(7.2) | ns(−1.3) | ns(0.8) |
| Feel discriminated against | −0.04**(3.8) | −0.11**(2.6) | ns(0.8) | −0.08**(7.8) | ns(−0.5) | −0.28** (3.5) | −0.1**(8.8) | ns(0.5) | ns(−2.2) |
Ethnic origin and LM characteristics (means and Anovas reported)
| Occupational level | Income | Unemployed | Discrimination | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Native Irish | 2.8 | 2.94 | 0.26** (2 & 3) | 0.04 |
| First generation immigrants | 2.55** (1 & 3) | 2.66** (1 & 3) | 0.43 | 0.17** (1 & 3) |
| Second generation immigrants | 2.97 | 2.95 | 0.36 | 0.07 |
Description of measures
| Dependent social and political measures | Alpha reliability score | |
|---|---|---|
| Trust in democratic institutions | ||
| Trust in politics and state institutions | Composed of 5 items: How much do you personally trust each of the following: 1. country's parliament? 2. Politicians? 3. Political parties. 4. The legal system? 5. The police? | 0.84 |
| Satisfaction with democracy | ||
| On the whole, how satisfied are you with the way democracy works in this country? Scored 0=Extremely dissatisfied to 10=Extremely satisfied. | / | |
| Sustaining a democratic culture | ||
| Generalised trust in people | Composed of 3 items: Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted, or that you can’t be too careful in dealing with people?; Do you think that most people would try to take advantage of you if they got the chance, or would they try to be fair?; Would you say that most of the time people try to be helpful or that they are mostly looking out for themselves? Scored 0=No trust 10=High trust. Overall score is divided by 3 to retain the range between 0 and 10. | 0.76 |
| Labour market measures | ||
| Occupation | Occupations are categorised as follows: 1=Lower manual; 2=Higher manual (skilled); 3=Routine white collar; 4=Higher white collar/professional. | / |
| Income | Satisfaction with income scored 1=Very difficult to cope; 2=Difficult to cope; 3=Coping; 4=Coping comfortably. | / |
| Unemployment periods | Were you ever unemployed and seeking work for more than three months. Scored 1=Yes; 0=No. | / |
| Discriminated against | Would you describe yourself as being a member of a group that is discriminated against in this country? Scored 1=Yes; 0=No. | / |
| Controls | ||
| Gender | Scored 1=Males; 0=Females | / |
| Education | Scored 1 =Up to 13 years of education; 0=More than 13 years | / |
| Age | Scored 1=over 45; 0=less than 45 | / |
Ethnic origin and political and social measures
| Generalised trust in people | Trust in politicians | Satisfaction with democracy | N | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Native Irish | 5.68 | 4.35 | 4.96 | 9561–9959 |
| First generation immigrants | 5.45** (1&3) | 4.96** (1) | 6.3** (1&3) | 499–755 |
| Second generation immigrants | 6.0 | 4.6 | 4.91 | 155–165 |