Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Observational Analysis of Mistakes in Chess Initiation, Using Decision Trees Cover

Observational Analysis of Mistakes in Chess Initiation, Using Decision Trees

Open Access
|Jul 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Decision tree of “cataloguing the error made”.
Decision tree of “cataloguing the error made”.

Figure 2.

Decision tree of “disposition of the error made”.
Decision tree of “disposition of the error made”.

Summary observation instrument (moments, criteria, sub-criteria, macro-categories, categories and codes)_

MomentNCriterionNSub-criterionMacrocategories / Categories (codes)
−11Range of movement Refers to the optimum move variants available in one position: Closed – there is just one optimum move (CL), Semiopen – 2 optimum moves (SO), Open – more than 2 optimum moves (OP)
2Existing pressures No (NN), threat of check (TC), threat of capture (TP), threat of tactical issue (TT)
3Context of the error At material advantage (MA), at material disadvantage (MD), at material equality (ME), after final error (AE)
4Optimal type of movement Capture (CT), check (CK), counter-attack (CA), build-up (BU), offensive (OF), defensive (DF)
5Optimal consequence Checkmate (CH), material (ML), stalemate (SM), crowning (CR), positional advantage (PA)
06Type of error Checkmate: Checkmate potential (CM), checkmate not given (MN); undefended pieces: defencelessness potential (UP), defencelessness not given (DN); tactical motifs: tactical motifs potential (TM), tactical motifs not given (TA); subtle mistake: subtle mistake potential (SU), subtle mistake not given (SG)
7Seriousness of the error Mistake (MK), Blunder (BL)
8Piece from the side of error Pawn (PN), Knight (KT), Bishop (BS), Rook (RK), Queen (QE), King (KG)
8.1Piece suitabilityThe piece moved erroneously suffers the consequence of the error (YS), another piece from the same side (NO)
9Colour White (WI), black (BA)
10Phase Opening (ON), mid-game (MG), endgame (EN)
11Zone Starts: Own start (OS), opponent’s start (ST); flanks: own flanks (FK), opponent’s flanks (FL); centre: own centre (CE), opponent’s centre (OR)
12Type of movement performed Capture (CP), check (CC), counter-attack (CN), build-up (BP), offensive (FF), defensive (DV)
13Specific type of error13.1Type of checkmateWeaknesses on square f7-f2 (WF), two pieces on castling (TL), three pieces on castling (TE), king in centre (KC), on edges (KE), elementary endgame (EE)
13.2Reason for capture and defencelessnessSingle piece (SP), poorly protected piece (PR), multi-cell count (MC)
13.3Known tactical motifsDoubles (DO), spikes (SK), destructions (DE), trapped piece (TR), draw (DW), defensive resource (DR), pawn promotion (PP), other (OT)
13.4Subtle mistakeKing’s security (KS), passed pawn (PD), forced delivery of material (FO), pawn structure (PS), simplification (SF), passed-pawn blocking (BK), dynamic advantage (DY)
+114Number of different pieces 1 - 2 (PI), 3 - 5 (PT), +5 (PF)
15Consequence zone Starts: Own start (SA), opponent’s start (NT); flanks: own flanks (FN), opponent’s flanks (FS); centre: own centre (CI), opponent’s centre (CU)
16Number of turns Turns which take place between the error being detected and it being produced on the board: 1 movement (MO), 2 movements (MT), 3 movements (MH), 4 movements (MF), 5 movements (FM), more than 5 movements (FI), wide open (WO)
1717.1 Piece(s) giving17.1. 1First piece givesPawn (PW), knight (NA), bishop (BI), rook (RO), queen (QN), king (KI)
17.1. 2Second piece givesPawn (PU), knight (NG), bishop (BH), rook (RU), queen (QI), king (KN)
17.2 Piece(s) receiving17.2. 1First piece receivesPawn (PV), knight (NI), bishop (BO), rook (RA), queen (QH), king (KM)
17.2. 2Second piece receivesPawn (PO), knight (NH), bishop (BB), rook (RR), queen (QM), King (KK)
18Simultaneity of tactical aspects Yes: 1 (SI), 2 (TW), 3 + (TH); no: no (SN)
19Real consequence Not exploited (NE), exploited (EX)
20Impact of the error Definitive (DI), non definitive (NF)
21Range of movement Closed (CO), Semi-open (SC), Open (OE)

Categorisation of errors from the observation instrument_

CheckmateUndefended piecesTactical motifsSubtle mistake
Resolution typeCheckmateMaterial advantageMaterial inequality, boards, sacrifices or defensive resourcesStrategic concepts and micro-advantages.
Turns1 to 51 to 51 to 51 to indefinite.
Specific situationsAs set out in sub-criterion 13.1 of table 1As set out in sub-criterion 13.2As set out in sub-criterion 13.3As set out in sub-criterion 13.4
Language: English
Page range: 45 - 60
Published on: Jul 7, 2025
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 issues per year

© 2025 Jorge Miranda, Javier Arana, Daniel Lapresa, M. Teresa Anguera, published by International Association of Computer Science in Sport
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.