Own research: questionnaire and replies
| No | Question | Reply |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Have you experienced fluctuations in your income as a freelancer due to the nature of gig work? | [ ] Yes: 80% |
| [ ] No: 20% | ||
| 2 | Do you have a stable source of income outside of freelancing? | [ ] Yes: 35% |
| [ ] No: 65% | ||
| 3 | Have you ever felt financially vulnerable as a freelancer? | [ ] Yes: 65% |
| [ ] No: 35% | ||
| 4 | Have you faced difficulties obtaining benefits such as health insurance, retirement plans, or paid time off as a freelancer? | [ ] Yes: 70% |
| [ ] No: 30% | ||
| 5 | Do you think the gig economy poses a risk of precarianization for freelancers, leading to financial instability and insecurity? | [ ] Strongly agree: 70% |
| [ ] Agree: 10% | ||
| [ ] Neutral: 5% | ||
| [ ] Disagree: 10% | ||
| [ ] Strongly disagree: 5% | ||
| 6 | Have you ever had to take on multiple gigs simultaneously to make ends meet? | [ ] Yes: 85% |
| [ ] No: 15% | ||
| 7 | How satisfied are you with your current freelance lifestyle in terms of financial stability and job security? | [ ] Very dissatisfied: 15% |
| [ ] Dissatisfied: 23% | ||
| [ ] Neutral: 15% | ||
| [ ] Satisfied: 22% | ||
| [ ] Very satisfied: 25% |
Replies to questions: correlation with the respondents’ age and experience
| Correlation with: | Coefficient of determination R2 with: | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Replies to questions | Age | Experience (in years) | Age | Experience (in years) |
| Have you experienced fluctuations in your income as a freelancer due to the nature of gig work? | 0,45 | 0,7 | 0,20 | 0,49 |
| Do you have a stable source of income outside of freelancing? | 0,35 | 0,38 | 0,12 | 0,14 |
| Have you ever felt financially vulnerable as a freelancer? | 0,47 | 0,59 | 0,22 | 0,35 |
| Have you faced difficulties obtaining benefits such as health insurance, retirement plans, or paid time off as a freelancer? | 0,72 | 0,78 | 0,52 | 0,61 |
| Do you think the gig economy poses a risk of precarianization for freelancers, leading to financial instability and insecurity? | 0,58 | 0,61 | 0,34 | 0,37 |
| Have you ever had to take on multiple gigs simultaneously to make ends meet? | 0,19 | 0,17 | 0,04 | 0,03 |
| How satisfied are you with your current freelance lifestyle in terms of financial stability and job security? | 0,41 | 0,58 | 0,17 | 0,34 |
Gig economy: definitions
| Author/Authors | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ćwiek et al. (2021) | One of the new forms of work alongside employee sharing, interim management, or collaborative employment. |
| Broughton et al. (2018) | Alternative to traditional solutions for exchanging services between clients and contractors. |
| Ostoj (2020) | Collaboration model characterized by irregular earnings. This irregularity results from the demand for services offered by independent contractors. |
| Gasz (2020) | Collaboration method, which, due to its systemic flexibility, is adapted to the requirements of modern market economy. |
| Lepanjuuri, Wishart, Cornick (2018) | Exchange of work for compensation between independent contractors and contracting entities. |
| Instrate and Harris (2017) | Cooperation method in the market where digital intermediary platforms play a dominant role. |
| Zakrzewska (2022) | Short-term engagement of independent contractors, to be considered on a global scale. |
| Chen, Liu, Wang (2020) | Collaboration mode characterized by incidental nature of collaboration, dispersion on the client side, and usually a lack of connection between individual tasks. |
| Ostoj (2013) | A way to bypass limitations arising from labor law regulations. |
| Miller (2016) | Collaboration model where gig workers perform one-time, short-term tasks in exchange for compensation negotiated with the client. |
| Aloisi (2018) | Collaboration model where independent contractors are required to be self-reliant, including in organizing their own work. |
| Dokko, Mumford, Schanzenbach (2015); Manyika, Lund, Bughin, Robinson, Mischke, Mahajan (2016) | An alternative to traditional employment. |
| Woodcock (2019) | Part of new social order based on modern technologies and sustainable development. |
| Roy, Shrivastava (2020) | Work performed „on demand” as an alternative to the traditional employment model, where the flow of work is continuous. |
Replies to questions: Pearson correlation
| Question No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | - | 0.47 | 0.75 | 0.84 | 0.9 | 0.85 | 0.65 |
| 2 | 0.47 | - | 0.51 | 0.32 | 0.49 | 0.74 | 0.52 |
| 3 | 0.75 | 0.51 | - | 0.89 | 0.85 | 0.76 | 0.55 |
| 4 | 0.84 | 0.32 | 0.89 | - | 0.89 | 0.78 | 0.59 |
| 5 | 0.9 | 0.49 | 0.85 | 0.89 | - | 0.74 | 0.5 |
| 6 | 0.85 | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.78 | 0.74 | - | 0.6 |
| 7 | 0.65 | 0.52 | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.5 | 0.6 | - |
Basic information regarding the research sample
| Feature | Value |
|---|---|
| Age | |
| Dominant | 29 |
| Average | 28.49 |
| Maximum | 38 |
| Minimum | 18 |
| Variance | 29.58 |
| Standard deviation | 5.44 |
| Variance after skipping 10% extreme values | 12.51 |
| Standard deviation after skipping 10% extreme values | 3.54 |
| Experience (in years) | |
| Dominant | 8 |
| Average | 7.64 |
| Maximum | 15 |
| Minimum | 1 |
| Variance | 18.67 |
| Standard deviation | 4.32 |
| Variance after skipping 10% extreme values | 10.48 |
| Standard deviation after skipping 10% extreme values | 3.24 |
Replies to questions: coefficient of determination R2
| Question No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | - | 0.22 | 0.56 | 0.71 | 0.81 | 0.72 | 0.42 |
| 2 | 0.22 | - | 0.26 | 0.1 | 0.24 | 0.55 | 0.27 |
| 3 | 0.56 | 0.26 | - | 0.79 | 0.72 | 0.58 | 0.3 |
| 4 | 0.71 | 0.1 | 0.79 | - | 0.79 | 0.61 | 0.35 |
| 5 | 0.81 | 0.24 | 0.72 | 0.79 | - | 0.55 | 0.25 |
| 6 | 0.72 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.61 | 0.55 | - | 0.36 |
| 7 | 0.42 | 0.27 | 0.3 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.36 | - |