Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Factor loadings (Singapore study)
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TO1 | .815 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TO2 | .768 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TO3 | .482 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TINV1 | -- | .693 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TINV2 | -- | .780 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TINV3 | -- | .808 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TINV4 | -- | .850 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TUN1 | -- | -- | .768 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TUN2 | -- | -- | .754 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TUN3 | -- | -- | .833 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TC1 | -- | -- | -- | .653 | -- | -- | -- |
| TC2 | -- | -- | -- | .881 | -- | -- | -- |
| TC3 | -- | -- | -- | .852 | -- | -- | -- |
| TINS1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | .827 | -- | -- |
| TINS2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | .873 | -- | -- |
| TINS3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | .857 | -- | -- |
| TINS4 | -- | -- | -- | -- | .859 | -- | -- |
| UE1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | .829 | -- |
| UE2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | .759 | -- |
| UE3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | .792 | -- |
| UX1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | .681 |
| UX2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | .817 |
| UX3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | .766 |
| UX4 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | .718 |
| UX5 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | .679 |
Questionnaire items
| Techno-overload (Ragu-Nathan et al., 2008; Tarafdar et al., 2007) | |
|---|---|
| TO 1 | I am forced by this technology to work much faster |
| TO 2 | I am forced by this technology to do more work than I can handle |
| TO 3 | I am forced by this technology to work with very tight time schedules |
| Techno-invasion (Ragu-Nathan et al., 2008; Tarafdar et al., 2007) | |
| TINV 1 | I spend less time with my family due to technology |
| TINV 2 | I have to be in touch with my work even during my vacation due to this technology |
| TINV 3 | I have to sacrifice my vacation and weekend time to keep current on new technologies |
| TINV 4 | I feel my personal life is being invaded by this technology |
| Techno-uncertainty (Ragu-Nathan et al., 2008; Tarafdar et al., 2007) | |
| TUN 1 | There are always new developments in the technologies we use in our work |
| TUN 2 | There are constant changes in the software |
| TUN 3 | There are constant changes in the hardware |
| Techno-complexity (Ragu-Nathan et al., 2008; Tarafdar et al., 2007) | |
| TC 1 | I do not know enough about this technology to handle my job satisfactorily |
| TC 2 | I need a long time to understand and use new technologies |
| TC 3 | I do not find enough time to study and upgrade my technology skills |
| Techno-insecurity (Ragu-Nathan et al., 2008; Tarafdar et al., 2007) | |
| TINS 1 | I do not share my knowledge with co-workers for fear of being replaced |
| TINS 2 | I feel constant threat to my job security due to new technologies |
| TINS 3 | I have to constantly upgrade my skills to avoid being replaced |
| TINS 4 | I am threatened by co-workers with newer technology skills |
| User engagement (Schaufeli & Salanova, 2007) | |
| UE 1 | I am enthusiastic towards this technology |
| UE 2 | I am dedicated towards using this technology |
| UE 3 | I am absorbed with this technology’s efficacy |
| User experience (Finstad, 2010) | |
| UX 1 | This technology’s capabilities meet my requirements (in terms of effectiveness) |
| UX 2 | Using this technology is a frustrating experience (in terms of satisfaction) |
| UX 3 | This technology is easy to use (overall experience) |
| UX 4 | I have to spend too much time correcting things with this technology (in terms of efficiency) |
| UX 5 | I think I would need a technological system with more features for my tasks (in terms of effectiveness) |
Factor loadings (U_S_ study)
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TO1 | .834 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TO2 | .727 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TO3 | .808 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TINV1 | -- | .755 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TINV2 | -- | .799 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TINV3 | -- | .852 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TINV4 | -- | .843 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TUN1 | -- | -- | .790 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TUN2 | -- | -- | .777 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TUN3 | -- | -- | .800 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| TC1 | -- | -- | -- | .699 | -- | -- | -- |
| TC2 | -- | -- | -- | .894 | -- | -- | -- |
| TC3 | -- | -- | -- | .861 | -- | -- | -- |
| TINS1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | .834 | -- | -- |
| TINS2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | .852 | -- | -- |
| TINS3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | .913 | -- | -- |
| TINS4 | -- | -- | -- | -- | .870 | -- | -- |
| UE1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | .806 | -- |
| UE2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | .747 | -- |
| UE3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | .615 | -- |
| UX1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | .753 |
| UX2 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | .759 |
| UX3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | .727 |
| UX4 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | .809 |
| UX5 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | .653 |
Mediation analysis
| Subunit | Lower CI | Upper CI | Point | P value | Mediation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. study | (1) TO-UE-UX | -.0562 | .0100 | -.0171 | <.05 | Partial |
| (2) TINV-UE-UX | -.0022 | .0537 | .0190 | >.05 | Partial | |
| (3) TC-UE-UX | -.1516 | -.0409 | -.0930 | <.05 | Full | |
| (4) TINS-UE-UX | -.0062 | .0595 | .0223 | <.05 | Partial | |
| (5) TUN-UE-UX | -.0800 | .0234 | -.0241 | <.05 | Partial | |
| Singapore study | (1) TO-UE-UX | -.0814 | -.0013 | -.0388 | >.05 | Full |
| (2) TINV-UE-UX | -.3512 | -.0099 | -.1567 | >.05 | Full | |
| (3) TC-UE-UX | -.1964 | .0091 | -.0863 | <.05 | Partial | |
| (4) TINS-UE-UX | -.0554 | .0141 | -.0179 | <.05 | Partial | |
| (5) TUN-UE-UX | -.0311 | .0755 | .0101 | <.05 | Partial |