| A Delphi-based risk analysis—Identifying and assessing future challenges for supply chain security in a multi-stakeholder environment | Markmann, C., Darkow, I.L., and von der Gracht, H. (2013) | Technological Forecasting and Social Change | To contribute to risk analysis in a fivefold method: (i) Detecting and quantifying risks; (ii) assessing stakeholder perceptions and world-views; (iii) promoting global communication process; (iv) recognizing weak signals, outlier viewpoints, and wildcards; (v) and aiding risk scenario building. | Mixed-method approach (Delphi-research method) | Unnamed | Highlighted the usefulness of the Delphi-method to close the research gap of empirical support in identifying and analysing risk in a global environment, determining relevant topics and stakeholder estimations expected to be relevant in the future. |
| A multi-stakeholders view of the barriers of social sustainability in healthcare supply chains: Analytic hierarchy process approach | Hussain M., Khan M., Ajmal M., Sheikh K.S., and Ahamat A. (2019) | Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal | To make contributions to the healthcare industry by creating a model for identifying, categorising, and prioritizing social sustainability barriers. | Mixed-method approach (exploratory survey tool and Analytical Hierarchy Process [AHP]) | Healthcare | Used a structured social sustainability framework to identify stakeholder disparity at 3 priority levels from 34 barriers to social sustainability to demonstrate relevance to the industry and determine risk mitigation priorities to address these barriers in the field. |
| A stakeholder perspective of social sustainability measurement in healthcare supply chain management | Khosravi F., and Izbirak G. (2019) | Sustainable Cities and Society | To quantify the social sustainability of majority of health supply chain players. | Quantitative approach (stochastic exponential distribution model) | Healthcare | Established a framework applicable across all supply chain systems to measure social sustainability levels to assist managers and advocate fairness and good values among stakeholders. |
| A stakeholders’ perspective on barriers to adopt sustainable practices in MSME supply chain: Issues and challenges in the textile sector | Panigrahi S.S., and Rao N.S. (2018) | Research Journal of Textile and Apparel | To assess the pressures and challenges to integrating sustainable supply chain practices (SSCP) across Indian micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). | Quantitative approach (Interpretive structural modelling [ISM]) | Textile | Developed a framework that enables textile MSMEs to integrate Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM). |
| A supply chain perspective of stakeholder identification as a tool for responsible policy and decision-making | Fritz M.M.C., Rauter R., Baumgartner R.J., and Dentchev N. (2018) | Environmental Science & Policy | To support businesses, researchers, governments etc. to achieve long-term sustainability objectives by identifying stakeholders from a supply chain viewpoint. | Qualitative approach (Supply Chain-Oriented Process to Identify Stakeholders; [SCOPIS]) | Unnamed | Developed an easily replicable 9-step process to enable managers identify stakeholders from a Supply Chain Perspective to reduce bias, omission and enhance knowledge on stakeholders. |
| Ameliorating food loss and waste in the supply chain through multi-stakeholder collaboration | Bhattacharya A., and Fayezi S. (2021) | Industrial Marketing Management | To expand systems for multi-stakeholder cooperation to minimize food loss and waste (FLW) across supply chains by combining the discussion of collaborative supply chain interactions with stakeholder theory. | Multi-method approach (systematic literature review; [SLR], and secondary case studies) | Unnamed | Elaborated multi-stakeholder collaboration conceptualized in a framework to promote collaborative orientation across vertical and horizontal cooperation, which helps to reduce FLW across the food supply chain and advances knowledge to support stakeholders. |
| Analysing the impact of environmental collaboration among supply chain stakeholders on a firm's sustainable performance | Ahmed W., Ashraf M.S., Khan S.A., Kusi-Sarpong S., and Arhin F.K., Kusi-Sarpong H., Najmi A. (2020) | Operations Management Research | To examine the influence and impact of stakeholder pressures on a firm's sustainability performance and attitude to green practices within the supply chain. | Quantitative approach (structural equation modelling technique) | Manufacturing | Demonstrated that stakeholder and regulatory forces drive green practices in the supply chain, while a firm's green performance is enhanced by systematic coordination in the form of collaboration and monitoring. |
| Antecedents of closed-loop supply chain in emerging economies: A conceptual framework using stakeholder's perspective | Gaur J., and Mani V. (2018) | Resources, Conservation and Recycling | To establish a conceptual model for analysing the risks and opportunities faced by commercial enterprises operating closed loop supply chains (CLSCs) | Mixed-method approach (SLR and content analysis) | Unnamed | Identified 7 drivers that influence the performance of a firm and proposed a framework as a roadmap to firms to evaluate their circumstances and formulate suitable CLSC initiatives. |
| Can Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives Improve Global Supply Chains? Improving Deliberative Capacity with a Stakeholder Orientation | Soundararajan V., Brown J.A., and Wicks A.C. (2019) | Business Ethics Quarterly | To examine the notion of multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) and illustrate their potential to encourage participation in initiatives over time. | Qualitative approach | Unnamed | Developed a framework to address the barriers that limit the success of MSIs and outlined conditions to encourage participation. |
| Challenges for sustainable supply chain management: When stakeholder collaboration becomes conducive to corruption | Silvestre B.S., Monteiro M.S., Viana F.L.E., de Sousa-Filho J.M. (2018) | Journal of Cleaner Production | To explore in the supply chain causes, dynamics, and effects of corruption in Brazil. | Qualitative approach | Unnamed | Explored the link between theoretical foundations and empirical results to contribute to theories, policies, and practices in four-fold method. |
| Changing approaches to child labour in global supply chains: exploring the influence of multi-stakeholder partnerships and the United Nations guiding principles on business and human rights | Boersma, M. (2017) | University of New South Wales Law Journal | To identify most effective contemporary approaches to child labour by civil society organisations, exploring how United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and multi-stakeholder partnerships can be connected. | Qualitative approach (Interviews) | Unnamed | Recognised that effective child labour approaches are characterized by organisations’ collaboration with a variety of stakeholders that are contextually and globally based on consideration of local conditions and broader human rights and concentrate on preventing and remedying them. |
| Corporate motives for multi-stakeholder collaboration—corporate social responsibility in the electronics supply chains | Airike P.-E., Rotter J.P., and Mark-Herbert C. (2016) | Journal of Cleaner Production | To resolve complicated social responsibility concerns in global supply networks. | Qualitative approach | Electronics | Enhanced knowledge of solution mechanisms in conflict minerals and gave a fresh idea of the function of cooperation in promoting corporate social responsibility (CSR), and sustainability-related research. |
| Creating integral value for stakeholders in closed loop supply chains | Schenkel M., Krikke H., Caniëls M.C.J., der Laan E.V. (2015) | Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management | To conduct comprehensive value generation research in CLSCs, identifying several forms of corporate value, strategic success criteria and numerous stakeholders involved in CLSC operations. | Qualitative approach | Unnamed | CLSC operations generate opportunities to decrease risks for the main company and its stakeholders, main and secondary.The sharing and stakeholder relations within and across organisations enhance the generation of value by affecting strategic success elements e.g., product design, customer service etc. |
| Developing a theory of focal company business sustainability efforts in connection with supply chain stakeholders | Svensson G., Ferro C., Hogevold N., Padin C., and Sosa Varela J.C. (2018) | Supply Chain Management | To evaluate the structural characteristics and related consideration of upstream, downstream, market and society stakeholders of stakeholder research models for focus business sustainability. | Quantitative approach (partial least squares—structural equation modelling [PLS-SEM]) | Unnamed | Contributed to understanding and anticipation concerns of external stakeholders in the endeavour to sustainable business operations. |
| Do stakeholder pressures influence green supply chain practices? Exploring the mediating role of top management commitment | Kitsis A.M., and Chen I.J. (2021) | Journal of Cleaner Production | To examine the key role green practices play in converting internal and external motivators as well as pressure from stakeholders and top management commitment (TMC) into superior economic and environment results. | Quantitative approach (structural equation modelling [SEM]) | Unnamed | Identified TMC as a key part in translating stakeholder concerns into green practices that improve company economic and environmental performance. |
| Does stakeholder pressure matter in adopting sustainable supply chain initiatives? Insights from agro-based processing industry | Azam T., Wang S., Mohsin M., Nazam M., Hashim M., Baig S.A., Zia-Ur-Rehman M. (2021) | Sustainability (Switzerland) | To suggest and prioritise feasible solutions to optimize the effectiveness of the supply chain. | Quantitative approach (fuzzy-analytical hierarchy process [F-AHP-TOPSIS]) | Pakistan agro-based processing | Established barrier identification as a technique that develops environmentally sustainable, socially responsible, and commercially viable solutions on a long-term basis.Identified that the development of appropriate procurement cycle measures and vendor assessment during purchasing helps achieve sustainability. |
| EMERGING DISCOURSE INCUBATOR: Delivering Transformational Change: Aligning Supply Chains and Stakeholders in Non-Governmental Organisations | Gualandris J., and Klassen R.D. (2018) | Journal of Supply Chain Management | To investigate how interventions are provided, followed by an examination of how international non-governmental organisations’ (INGOs) supply chains must be matched. | Qualitative approach | Food | Considered specific differentiation techniques and coordination mechanisms to the varied supply chain designs. |
| Examining the role of stakeholder pressure and knowledge management on supply chain risk and demand responsiveness | Cantor D.E., Blackhurst J., Pan M., and Crum M. (2014) | International Journal of Logistics Management | To examine how stakeholder pressure affects a company's risk management activities. | Quantitative approach (structural equation modelling [SEM]) | Unnamed | Identified stakeholder pressure to have an impact on how companies acquire knowledge and information, and the company's capacity to extract advantages from its risk mitigation operations is strongly linked to its collaborative planning efforts with suppliers and will be more responsive to consumer demand. |
| Exploring the feasibility of introducing electric freight vehicles in the short food supply chain: A multi-stakeholder approach | Galati A., Giacomarra M., Concialdi P., Crescimanno M. (2021) | Case Studies on Transport Policy | To explore the challenges and opportunities for adopting electric freight trucks in short food supply chains (SFSCs) and the availability at system level of a unified strategy that might promote adoption. | Qualitative approach (systems innovation) | Food supply | Identified that applying a multi-stakeholder approach to current misalignments between market demand and supply requirements may be remedied by employing electric freight trucks as a workable option for entrepreneurs from SFSC. |
| Exploring the influence of supply chain collaboration on supply chain visibility, stakeholder trust, environmental and financial performances: a partial least square approach | Baah C., Acquah I.S.K., and Ofori D. (2021) | Benchmarking—An International Journal | To investigate the predictive significance of supply chain cooperation and how it impacts the visibility of stakeholder confidence, supply chain, environmental and financial outcomes. | Quantitative approach (partial least squares–structural equation modelling [PLS-SEM]) | Manufacturing | Identified that restructured supply chain partnerships enhance partnerships results in loyalty and trust and enhances environmental and competitive advantages. |
| Extending the supply chain visibility boundary: Utilizing stakeholders for identifying supply chain sustainability risks | Busse C., Schleper M.C., Weilenmann J., Wagner S.M. (2017) | International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management | To explore how low-visibility buyers may use their network to uncover major SCSR. | Qualitative approach (design science) | Food | Developed a procedural model to demonstrate the efficacy of proactively using knowledge into SCSR supervision in order to detect SCSR areas.Contributed to the method of prioritizing stakeholder anticipations the purchasing organisations encounter in internationally dispersed supply chain environments. |
| Framework of Stakeholder Reactions on Sustainability Risk Mitigation Practices and Sustainability Performance in Supply Chains | Multaharju, S. (2016) | Operations and Supply Chain Management—An International Journal | To examine how focus firms and their SC sustainable performance might affect stakeholder reactions. | Qualitative approach (SLR) | Unnamed | Developed a theoretical framework and proposals for attainment of sustainability and stakeholder responses to real approaches. |
| How Corporate Social Responsibility and External Stakeholder Concerns Affect Green Supply Chain Cooperation among Manufacturers: An Interpretive Structural Modeling Analysis | Huang X., Yang S., and Shi X. (2021) | Sustain-ability | To discover and understand the most significant environmental impacts with supply chain partners and how these might contribute to improved environmental performance throughout the supply chain. | Quantitative approach (ISM) | Manufacturing | Provided insight on the relative relevance of 19 factors and their interdependencies to support grater interaction with supply chain partners for further enhanced environmental results.Proposed that government or community financial incentives and environmental regulatory pressures play an important role in cooperating with green supply chains. |
| Impacts of stakeholder influences and dynamic capabilities on the sustainability performance of supply chains: a system dynamics model | Rebs T., Thiel D., Brandenburg M., and Seuring S. (2019) | Journal of Business Economics | To investigate the implications of stakeholder influences on SSCM performance | Quantitative approach (Systems Dynamics [SD] model) | Food | Identified that strong stakeholder pressure and stronger external stakeholder pressure contributes to higher SSCM performance and this is supported by a solid management of SSCM implementation. |
| Integration with Secondary Stakeholders and Its Relationship with Sustainable Supply Chain Practices in Colombian SMES | Quiroga-Calderon, L.M., Mejia-Salazar, I.S., Moreno-Mantilla, C.E., and Loaiza-Ramirez, J.P. (2018) | European Journal of Sustainable Development | To investigate whether the integration of companies and external stakeholders is impacted by practices of green supply chain management (GSCM) and increasingly innovative technologies, e.g., redefining the strategics of a supply chain. | Mixed-method approach (exploratory factor analysis [EFA] and lineal regression analysis) | Unnamed | Established that community integration from the perspective of stakeholder integration has a beneficial impact on the implementation of GSCM techniques and disruptive technologies in the context of an emerging economy. |
| Perceptions of stakeholder pressure for supply-chain social responsibility and information disclosure by state-owned enterprises | Sánchez R.G., Bolívar M.P.R., and Hernández A.M.L. (2017) | International Journal of Logistics Management | To analyse the impact on state-owned enterprise management (SOE's) on stakeholders’ opinions of the necessity to establish socially responsible supply chain policies and to provide information about CSR. | Mixed-method approach (structured questionnaire and structural equation modelling [SEM]) | Unnamed | Validated the notion that stakeholders maintain a favourable influence on organisational forecasting and may create awareness and promote the adoption of sustainable policies in the supply chain of enterprises. |
| Reactive and proactive pathways to sustainable apparel supply chains: Manufacturer's perspective on stakeholder salience and organisational learning toward responsible management | Roy V., Silvestre B.S., and Singh S. (2020) | International Journal of Production Economics | To examine the importance of stakeholders to apparel makers in emerging economies as well as their efforts to learn about sustainability. | Qualitative approach | Apparel | Identified that stakeholder demands are widely acknowledged as significant triggers for the formation of long-term supply networks and the proactive paths of SSCM (purposeful and rigorous efforts) extend the perspective of sustainability learning in supply chains even further. |
| Stakeholder management in reverse supply chains — The ranking of reverse supply chains entities upon requirements’ fulfilment | Nestic S., Ljepava N., and Aleksic A. (2018) | International Journal for Quality Research | To rank reverse supply chain (RSC) organisations based on the fulfilment of key stakeholders’ criteria. | Mixed-method approach (stakeholder analysis and fuzzy Delphi method) | Unnamed | Proposed a model to assess the importance of stakeholders’ requirements as part of managing relationships with important stakeholders, allowing RSC entities explicitly or implicitly address organisation challenges and enhance their public image while respecting their stakeholder criteria. |
| Stakeholder management in sustainable supply chains: A case study of the bioenergy industry | Siems E., and Seuring S. (2021) | Business Strategy and the Environment | To contribute to the theoretical debate on stakeholder management methods in SSCM. | Qualitative approach (interviews and content analysis) | Chile Bioenergy | Suggested that management of stakeholders incorporates several approaches to exchange, address and assess stakeholder problems at internal and external level to obtain legitimacy.Proposed that the integration of stakeholders can lead to greater sustainability. |
| Stakeholder pressure in sustainable supply chain management: A systematic review | Meixell, M.J., and Luoma, P. (2015) | International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management | To sum up and examine the method in which the demands of stakeholders might impact the sustainability of the supply chain. | Qualitative approach (SLR) | Unnamed | Argued that certain stakeholders and their pressure can influence SSCM differently and at 3 levels and in the development of sustainable supply |
| Stakeholder-Associated Life Cycle Risks in Construction Supply Chain | Koc K., and Gurgun A.P. (2021) | Journal of Management in Engineering | To analyze life cycle and stakeholders SC risks in construction projects. | Qualitative approach (SLR and content analysis) | Construction | Identified the efforts of primary contractors, subcontractors, suppliers, and customers as heavily dependent on effective practices in the supply chain, providing possible risks at each phase of the life cycle of SCs. |
| Stakeholder-Associated Supply Chain Risks and Their Interactions in a Prefabricated Building Project in Hong Kong | Luo L., Qiping Shen G., Xu G., Liu Y., and Wang Y. (2019) | Journal of Management in Engineering | To recognize dynamic risk interdependence and related stakeholders in Supply Chain Risks (SCRs). | Quantitative approach (Social Network Analysis [SNA]) | Construction | Addressed the restrictions of standard static risk analysis by taking account of connected stakeholders and dynamic risk interactions, offering a fuller understanding of the SCRs in prefabricated building projects (PBP). |
| Stakeholders and socially responsible supply chain management: the moderating role of internationalization | Damert M., Koep L., Guenther E., and Morris J. (2020) | Sustain-ability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal | To evaluate the impact on the application of socially responsible supply chain management (SR-SCM) practices on demands from stakeholder situated in the origin country as well as degree of corporate diversification. | Qualitative approach | Unnamed | Identified the varied efficacy of stakeholder demands to facilitate socially acceptable behaviours in terms of strategic aspect of SR-SCM and the typical stakeholder.Highlighted that more globalized companies tend to embrace more SR-SCM techniques, disregarding home country stakeholders with increasing internationalization. |
| Stakeholders’ involvement in green supply chain: a perspective of blockchain iot-integrated architecture | Rane S.B., Thakker S.V., and Kant R. (2020) | Management of Environmental Quality | To investigate the engagement of stakeholders in the greening of the SC, as well as to identify use cases for professionals and practitioners who adopt high tech to promote stakeholder participation. | Mixed-method approach (literature survey, interviews and decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory; [DEMA-TEL] method) | Automobile | Identified and analysed the key Critical Success Factors (CSFs) that allow successful stakeholder engagement in the creation of a green supply chain. |
| Stakeholders’ management approaches in construction supply chain: A new perspective of stakeholder's theory | Shahbaz M.S., Chandio A.F., Oad M., Ahmed A., and Ullah R. (2018) | International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Technology | To assess the relationship between the performance of the supply chain and three ways to stakeholder management, i.e., supplier relationship (SR), customer relationships (CS), and risk and reward sharing (RRS). | Quantitative approach | Construction | Found that the positives and substantial impacts on the performance of the supply chain are to be in all stakeholder management techniques (i.e., SR, CS, and RRS). |
| Sustainability assessment in automotive and electronics supply chains—A set of indicators defined in a multi-stakeholder approach | Schöggl J.-P., Fritz M.M.C., and Baumgartner R.J. (2016) | Sustainability (Switzerland) | To conduct a literature review on supply chain sustainability assessment. | Qualitative approach | Automotive and electronics | Findings served as the underpinning for SSCM, based on genuine information obtained from associates across the whole SC. |
| Sustainable evaluation and verification in supply chains: Aligning and leveraging accountability to stakeholders | Gualandris J., Klassen R.D., Vachon S., and Kalchschmidt M. (2015) | Journal of Operations Management | To synthesize a model of how companies may deal with responsibilities in their supply chain for sustainable concerns. | Qualitative approach (sustainable evaluation and verification method) | Unnamed | Supported the inclusiveness in promoting external transparency in an extended supply chain through the effective public sharing of information on material. |
| Sustainable supply chain management in stakeholders: supporting from sustainable supply and process management in the healthcare industry in Vietnam | Tseng M.-L., Ha H.M., Lim M.K., Wu K.-J., and Iranmanesh M. (2020) | International Journal of Logistics—Research and Applications | To promote the long-term development of healthcare business by recommending appropriate activities for supply chain players. | Quantitative approach (fuzzy Delphi method) | HealthCare | Provided qualities that best support SSCM and may be utilized as practical instruments to establish plans which fulfil the requirements of the stakeholders. |
| Sustainability supply chain management—The influence of local stakeholder expectations in China's agri-food industry | Kao, P.T., Redekop, W.H., and Mark-Herbert, C. (2012) | Journal on Chain and Network Science | To inquire into multinational food processors and how they execute SSCM activities and how stakeholder influences may impact them in growing markets like China. | Qualitative approach (case-study approach) | Agri-Food | Identified that SSCM practices developed by companies breaking into emerging markets are heavily influenced by local stakeholder expectations and not only utilised food input. |
| The hidden cost of phosphate fertilizers: Mapping multi-stakeholder supply chain risks and impacts from mine to fork | Cordell D., Turner A., and Chong J. (2015) | Global Change Peace & Security | To contribute towards understanding the consequences of phosphorous by identifying and discussing the nature of the phosphorus supply chain concerns and its transfer to various stakeholders. | Mixed-method approach (RapAgRisk framework) | Phosphorous | Identified the danger and consequences of the phosphorous supply chain along with wide and diversified risks.Proposed that the supply chain and its stakeholder must be nimble and proactive to manage both recognized as well as unanticipated risks. |
| The Influence of External and Internal Stakeholder Pressures on the Implementation of Upstream Environmental Supply Chain Practices | Graham S. (2020) | Business and Society | To inquire into the influence of internal and external antecedents on upstream environmental practices, both separately and in combination. | Quantitative approach (multiple hierarchical regression analysis) | Food | Demonstrated the practical execution and implementation of a motivated environmental plan through three environmental supplier practices and competitive stakeholder pressure. |
| The Relationship Between Sustainable Supply Chain Management, Stakeholder Pressure and Corporate Sustainability Performance | Wolf J. (2014) | Journal of Business Ethics | To dispute a primary perspective of SSCM as a reaction to pressures form external parties, as advocated by famous media instances. | Quantitative approach (sustainalytics) | Unnamed | Contended that when organisations adopt SSCM tactics and practices, they do so largely in response to external forces such as non-governmental organisation activity or governmental regulation.Identified a recent viewpoint on SSCM that companies see SSCM as providing benefits other than simply meeting the expectations of external stakeholders. |
| The stakeholder's pressure and environmental supply chain: Does environmental training matter in Thai sports manufacturing firms? | Somjai S., Rattamanee K., Thongdonpum K., and Jermsittiparsert K. (2019) | Journal of Human Sport and Exercise | To investigate how stakeholder pressure affects environmental supply chain practices. | Quantitative approach (structured equation modelling-partial least squares; [SEM-PLS]) | Sports Manufacturing | Regulatory governance and market stakeholders (MRKTS) are critical for adopting Environmental Supply Chain Management (ESCM) procedures and the utilization of environmental training will result in larger ESCM efforts than the case of independently utilizing stakeholder governance mechanisms as strong pressure. |
| Towards Responsible and Sustainable Supply Chains—Innovation, Multi-stakeholder Approach, and Governance | Gurzawska A. (2020) | Philosophy of Management | To conduct an examination into possible options for effective SSCM to broaden the realm of conscientious decision-making and give conceptual explanation to aid subsequent study in this area. | Qualitative approach | Unnamed | SC stakeholders should employ new organizing and technology solutions to increase accountability and sustainability, providing more opportunities for monitoring and control, performance, and feedback among SC third parties. |
| Validating a framework of stakeholders in connection to business sustainability efforts in supply chains | Ferro C., Padin C., Svensson G., Sosa Varela J.C., Wagner B., and Høgevold N.M. (2017) | Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing | To determine the extent of sustainability efforts within company operations and organisational networks, the market, and the public. | Mixed-method approach (questionnaire survey and exploratory factor analysis) | Unnamed | Showed that in firms’ business sustainability initiatives, stakeholders inside the core company, industry, and public stakeholders are more valued than implicit preceding and subsequent stakeholders in SCs. |
| Voluntary Governance Mechanisms in Global Supply Chains: Beyond CSR to a Stakeholder Utility Perspective | Soundararajan V., and Brown J.A. (2016) | Journal of Business Ethics | To examine and highlight poor working conditions from the standpoint of suppliers and subcontractors from developing nations. | Qualitative approach | Unnamed | Implied that implementing CSR/SCM methods in underdeveloped nations would remain unsuccessful without significant improvements to processes promoting and utilizing voluntary governance mechanisms in the global supply chain. |
