TABLE I.
IPv4 Allocated addresses by year
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Address Span (Billions) | 3.227 | 3.395 | 3.483 | 3.537 | 3.593 | 3.624 | 3.643 | 3.657 | 3.657 | 3.682 | 3.684 | 3.685 | 3.687 |
| Annual Change (Millions) | 241.7 | 168.0 | 88.4 | 53.9 | 55.9 | 30.6 | 19.4 | 13.2 | 0.6 | 24.9 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 1.6 |
| Relative Growth | 8.1% | 5.2% | 2.6% | 1.5% | 1.6% | 0.85% | 0.53% | 0.36% | 0.02% | 0.68% | 0.06% | 0.03% | 0.04% |
TABLE II.
Annual change in IPv4 Allocated addresses (millions) - Distribution by RIR
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| APNIC | 119.5 | 101.0 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 4.6 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 3.2 | 0.4 | 10.5 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.8 |
| RIPE NCC | 52.3 | 40.5 | 37.8 | 1.0 | 33.8 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 0.3 | 12.0 | 0.4 | 2.5 | 4.7 |
| ARIN | 27.2 | 53.8 | 24.3 | 19.0 | −14.1 | 2.3 | −4.8 | −2.3 | −0.3 | −10.1 | −0.9 | −1.7 | −3.8 |
| LACNIC | 17.1 | 13.6 | 17.3 | 26.3 | 18.7 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 1.2 | −0.2 | −0.3 |
| AFRINIC | 8.8 | 9.4 | 8.5 | 6.3 | 12.8 | 15.0 | 11.9 | 7.1 | 0.2 | 10.1 | −0.2 | −0.9 | 0.2 |
| TOTAL | 224.9 | 218.3 | 88.5 | 53.8 | 55.8 | 30.6 | 19.4 | 13.1 | 0.7 | 24.9 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 1.6 |
TABLE III.
IPv4 Available and Reserved Pools December 2022
| Available | Reserved | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RIR | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
| APNIC | 4,003,072 | 3,533,056 | 2,503,424 | 2,483,968 | 1,787,904 | 151,472 |
| RIPE NCC | 328,448 | - | - | 965,728 | 762,104 | 737,496 |
| ARIN | 4,352 | 4,608 | 8,448 | 5,509,888 | 5,244,160 | 5,311,488 |
| LACNIC | - | 7,168 | 1,024 | 266,240 | 224,768 | 148,480 |
| AFRINIC | 1,925,888 | 1,652,480 | 1,920,256 | 2,853,888 | 4,065,024 | 4,104,960 |
| TOTAL | 6,261,760 | 5,197,312 | 4,433,152 | 12,079,712 | 12,083,960 | 10,453,896 |
Figure 1.
IPv4 Address Allocations by RIR by year
Figure 2.
IPv4 Allocations by RIR by year
TABLE IV.
IPv4 Address Transfers per year
| Recieving RIR | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| APNIC | 159 | 185 | 302 | 451 | 841 | 834 | 487 | 528 | 781 | 786 | 650 |
| RIPE NCC | 10 | 171 | 1,054 | 2,836 | 2,373 | 2,451 | 3,774 | 4,221 | 4,696 | 5,743 | 4,410 |
| ARIN | 3 | 22 | 26 | 26 | 68 | 94 | 150 | 122 | |||
| LACNIC | 2 | 3 | 9 | 15 | |||||||
| AFRINIC | 17 | 27 | 26 | 80 | 54 | ||||||
| Total | 169 | 356 | 1,356 | 3,290 | 3,236 | 3,311 | 4,306 | 4,844 | 5,600 | 6,768 | 5,251 |
TABLE V.
Volume of Transferred IPv4 Addresses per year (Millions of addresses)
| Recieving RIR | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| APNIC | 1.7 | 2.5 | 3.9 | 6.6 | 8.2 | 4.9 | 10.0 | 4.3 | 16.6 | 6.5 | 3.2 |
| RIPE NCC | 0.1 | 2.0 | 9.6 | 11.6 | 9.2 | 24.6 | 19.5 | 26.9 | 18.2 | 16.2 | 36.2 |
| ARIN | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 3.0 | ||||
| LACNIC | |||||||||||
| AFRINIC | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 3.4 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Total | 1.7 | 4.5 | 13.6 | 18.2 | 17.6 | 29.7 | 29.7 | 31.9 | 36.2 | 26.4 | 42.9 |
Figure 3.
Number of Transfers: 2012 – 2022
Figure 4.
Volume of Transferred Addresses: 2012 – 2022
Figure 5.
IPv4 Unadvertised Address Pool Size
Figure 6.
IPv4 Address Pools 2000 – 2022 & IPv4 Address Pool changes through 2021
Figure 7.
Ratio of Unadvertised Pool Size to Total Pool Size
Figure 8.
IPv4 Price Time Series (data from Hilco Streambank)
Figure 9.
Age distribution of transferred addresses
Figure 10.
Age distribution of transfer transactions
TABLE VI.
Top 10 Countries Sourcing Transferred IPv4 addresses in 2021
| Rank | CC | Addresses | Source Economy |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | FR | 16,569,600 | France |
| 2 | US | 7,325,440 | USA |
| 3 | DE | 3,719,488 | Germany |
| 4 | RU | 1,795,328 | Russia |
| 5 | GB | 1,781,504 | United Kingdom |
| 6 | CN | 1,291,520 | China |
| 7 | BE | 1,123,584 | Belgium |
| 8 | CH | 1,052,672 | Switzerland |
| 9 | ID | 862,464 | Indonesia |
| 10 | IT | 643,456 | Italy |
TABLE VII.
Top 10 Countries Receiving Transferred IPv4 addresses in 2021
| Rank | CC | Addresses | Destination Economy |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | FR | 16,553,472 | France |
| 2 | GB | 4,987,392 | United Kingdom |
| 3 | US | 3,600,384 | USA |
| 4 | DE | 3,447,360 | Germany |
| 5 | SE | 2,431,232 | Sweden |
| 6 | RU | 1,797,376 | Russia |
| 7 | SG | 1,209,600 | Singapore |
| 8 | BE | 1,057,024 | Belgium |
| 9 | JP | 582,656 | Japan |
TABLE VIII.
Top 20 Economy-to-Economy IPv4 address transfers in 2021
| Rank | From | To | Addresses (M) | Source | Destination |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | US | GB | 3,816,192 | USA | UK |
| 2 | US | SE | 2,123,776 | USA | Sweden |
| 3 | CN | SG | 1,114,112 | China | Singapore |
| 4 | ID | US | 655,616 | Indonesia | USA |
| 5 | CH | US | 641,024 | Switzerland | USA |
| 6 | GB | US | 580,864 | UK | USA |
| 7 | US | CN | 525,312 | USA | China |
| 8 | DE | US | 465,408 | Germany | USA |
| 9 | CH | JP | 262,144 | Switzerland | Japan |
| 10 | IT | US | 147,456 | Italy | USA |
| 11 | NL | DE | 139,776 | Netherlands | Germany |
| 12 | CL | BR | 131,072 | Chile | Brazil |
| 13 | IN | PH | 131,072 | India | Philippines |
| 14 | DE | TR | 111,616 | Germany | Turkey |
| 15 | GB | SE | 101,376 | UK | Sweden |
| 16 | US | DE | 73,216 | USA | Germany |
| 17 | US | JP | 70,144 | USA | Japan |
| 18 | AU | GB | 67,584 | Australia | UK |
| 19 | SE | US | 67,584 | Sweden | USA |
| 20 | JP | US | 67,584 | Japan | USA |
TABLE IX.
IPv4 BGP changes over 2022
| Jan-22 | Jan-23 | Delta | Unchanged | Re-Home | Removed | Added | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Announcements | 906,456 | 941,707 | 35,251 | 728,538 | 23,100 | 77,409 | 112,660 |
| Address Span (/8s) | 249.61 | 249.61 | (0.00) | 226.58 | 2.74 | 10.32 | 9.96 |
| Root Prefixes: | 423,948 | 444,678 | 20,730 | 355,647 | 15,077 | 28,040 | 45,914 |
| Address Span (/8s) | 183.29 | 182.81 | −0.48 | 169.81 | 1.96 | 5.93 | 5.11 |
| More Specifics: | 482,508 | 497,029 | 14,521 | 372,891 | 8,023 | 49,369 | 66,746 |
| Address Span (/8s) | 50.62 | 50.69 | 0.07 | 40.67 | 0.78 | 4.39 | 4.85 |
TABLE X.
Routing changes across 2022 compared to the Transfer Log Entries for 2021 – 2022
| Type | Listed | Unlisted | Ratio |
|---|---|---|---|
| Re-Homed | |||
| All | 1,294 | 21,806 | 5.6% |
| Root Prefixes | 1,063 | 13,473 | 7.3% |
| Removed | |||
| All | 2,384 | 75,025 | 3.1% |
| Root Prefixes | 1,594 | 26,446 | 5.7% |
| Added | |||
| All | 3,714 | 108,946 | 3.3% |
| Root Prefixes | 2,647 | 43,267 | 5.8% |
Figure 11.
Changes to the BGP routing table across 2022 by Address Prefix Age
TABLE XI.
IPv4 Allocated Address Pools per National Economy
| CC | IPv4 Pool | % Total | Per-Capita | Economy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | US | 1,617,753,952 | 43.9% | 4.78 | United States of America |
| 2 | CN | 343,277,568 | 9.3% | 0.24 | China |
| 3 | JP | 190,439,680 | 5.2% | 1.54 | Japan |
| 4 | DE | 123,757,440 | 3.4% | 1.48 | Germany |
| 5 | GB | 119,183,240 | 3.2% | 1.76 | United Kingdom |
| 6 | KR | 112,498,944 | 3.1% | 2.17 | Republic of Korea |
| 7 | BR | 87,198,720 | 2.4% | 0.40 | Brazil |
| 8 | FR | 82,354,800 | 2.2% | 1.27 | France |
| 9 | CA | 69,177,344 | 1.9% | 1.80 | Canada |
| 10 | IT | 54,729,024 | 1.5% | 0.93 | Italy |
TABLE XII.
IPv4 Allocated Address Pools ranked by per-Capita holdings
| Rank | CC | IPv4 Pool | % Total | Per-Capita | Economy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | SC | 7,245,056 | 0.2% | 67.64 | Seychelles |
| 2 | VA | 10,752 | 0.0% | 21.08 | Holy See |
| 3 | GI | 253,440 | 0.0% | 7.76 | Gibraltar |
| 4 | US | 1,617,753,952 | 43.9% | 4.78 | United States of America |
| 5 | SG | 25,385,216 | 0.7% | 4.24 | Singapore |
| 6 | MU | 4,777,216 | 0.1% | 3.68 | Mauritius |
| 7 | CH | 26,730,744 | 0.7% | 3.05 | Switzerland |
| 8 | VG | 90,880 | 0.0% | 2.90 | British Virgin Islands |
| 9 | NO | 15,606,032 | 0.4% | 2.87 | Norway |
| 10 | SE | 30,082,280 | 0.8% | 2.85 | Sweden |
| - | XA | 3,686,521,896 | 100.0% | 0.46 | World |
TABLE XIII.
Number of individual Address Allocations, 2011 – 2022
| Allocations | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPv6 | 3,582 | 3,291 | 3,529 | 4,502 | 4,644 | 5,567 | 5,740 | 6,176 | 6,799 | 5,376 | 5,350 | 4,066 |
| IPv4 | 8,234 | 7,435 | 6,429 | 10,435 | 11,352 | 9,648 | 8,185 | 8,769 | 12,560 | 5,874 | 6,939 | 4,395 |
TABLE XIV.
Volume of Address Allocations, 2011 – 2022
| Addresses | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPv6 (/32s) | 14,986 | 17,710 | 23,642 | 17,847 | 15,765 | 25,260 | 19,975 | 38,699 | 35,924 | 21,620 | 28,131 | 27,497 |
| IPv4 (/32s)(M) | 191.7 | 88.8 | 57.7 | 58.8 | 32.3 | 20.8 | 15.1 | 14.1 | 13.9 | 4.2 | 3.1 | 2.1 |
TABLE XV.
IPv6 allocations by RIR
| Allocations | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFRINIC | 129 | 82 | 72 | 59 | 81 | 111 | 110 | 108 | 111 | 108 | 135 | 151 |
| APNIC | 641 | 599 | 540 | 528 | 777 | 1,680 | 1,369 | 1,460 | 1,484 | 1,498 | 1,392 | 1,317 |
| ARIN | 1,035 | 603 | 543 | 489 | 604 | 645 | 684 | 648 | 601 | 644 | 668 | 680 |
| LACNIC | 130 | 251 | 223 | 1,199 | 1,053 | 1,007 | 1,547 | 1,439 | 1,614 | 1,801 | 725 | 635 |
| RIPENCC | 1,647 | 1,756 | 2,151 | 2,227 | 2,129 | 2,124 | 2,030 | 2,521 | 2,989 | 1,325 | 2,430 | 1,283 |
| 3,582 | 3,291 | 3,529 | 4,502 | 4,644 | 5,567 | 5,740 | 6,176 | 6,799 | 5,376 | 5,350 | 4,066 |
TABLE XVI.
IPv6 address allocation volumes by RIR
| Addresses (/32s) | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFRINIC | 155 | 4,201 | 66 | 48 | 308 | 76 | 112 | 71 | 360 | 88 | 141 | 387 |
| APNIC | 9,506 | 3,807 | 4,462 | 2,663 | 2,108 | 1,235 | 4,228 | 19,681 | 7,945 | 7,365 | 10,185 | 4,856 |
| ARIN | 2,280 | 1,672 | 12,571 | 5,214 | 642 | 1,087 | 1,372 | 844 | 5,520 | 4,975 | 373 | 13,695 |
| LACNIC | 620 | 4,301 | 158 | 1,314 | 953 | 1,173 | 1,427 | 1,327 | 1,496 | 1,669 | 658 | 563 |
| RIPENCC | 2,425 | 3,729 | 6,385 | 8,608 | 11,754 | 21,689 | 12,836 | 16,776 | 20,603 | 7,523 | 16,774 | 7,996 |
| 14,986 | 17,710 | 23,642 | 17,847 | 15,765 | 25,260 | 19,975 | 38,699 | 35,924 | 21,620 | 28,131 | 27,497 |
TABLE XVII.
Average IPv6 address allocation size by RIR
| 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFRINIC | /31.7 | /26.3 | /32.1 | /32.3 | /30.1 | /32.5 | /32.0 | /32.6 | /30.3 | /32.3 | /31.9 | /30.6 |
| APNIC | /28.1 | /29.3 | /29.0 | /29.7 | /30.6 | /32.4 | /30.4 | /28.2 | /29.6 | /29.7 | /29.1 | /30.1 |
| ARIN | /30.9 | /30.5 | /27.5 | /28.6 | /31.9 | /31.2 | /31.0 | /31.6 | /28.8 | /29.1 | /32.8 | /27.7 |
| LACNIC | /29.7 | /27.9 | /32.5 | /31.9 | /32.1 | /31.8 | /32.1 | /32.1 | /32.1 | /32.1 | /32.1 | /32.2 |
| RIPENCC | /31.4 | /30.9 | /30.4 | /30.0 | /29.5 | /28.6 | /29.3 | /29.3 | /29.2 | /29.5 | /29.2 | /29.4 |
| /29.9 | /29.6 | /29.3 | /30.0 | /30.2 | /29.8 | /30.2 | /29.4 | /29.6 | /30.0 | /29.6 | /29.2 |
Figure 12.
Number of IPv6 Allocations per year
Figure 13.
Volume of IPv6 Allocations per year
TABLE XVIII.
IPv6 allocations by Year by Economy
| Rank | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Brazil | 1,049 | Brazil | 1,112 | Brazil | 1,394 | USA | 619 | USA | 638 |
| 2 | Russia | 638 | USA | 538 | USA | 588 | Russia | 576 | India | 377 |
| 3 | USA | 595 | Russia | 502 | Indonesia | 389 | Brazil | 508 | Brazil | 339 |
| 4 | Germany | 308 | Germany | 407 | India | 226 | Netherlands | 448 | Bangladesh | 239 |
| 5 | China | 253 | Indonesia | 366 | Netherlands | 199 | India | 390 | Germany | 158 |
| 6 | Indonesia | 213 | Netherlands | 342 | Germany | 192 | UK | 304 | Russia | 138 |
| 7 | UK | 184 | UK | 223 | Bangladesh | 182 | Bangladesh | 213 | UK | 125 |
| 8 | Bangladesh | 183 | Bangladesh | 202 | Russia | 128 | Germany | 196 | Indonesia | 113 |
| 9 | India | 168 | France | 179 | Australia | 118 | Indonesia | 110 | Australia | 100 |
| 10 | Netherlands | 162 | China | 165 | China | 115 | Hong Kong(China) | 108 | Vietnam | 91 |
TABLE XIX.
IPv6 Address Allocation Volumes by Year by Economy (/32s)
| Rank | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China | 17,647 | China | 6,787 | China | 6,765 | China | 5,424 | USA | 13,919 |
| 2 | Russia | 4,675 | USA | 5,510 | USA | 5,051 | Russia | 4,409 | China | 4,354 |
| 3 | Germany | 1,932 | Russia | 3,716 | Brazil | 1,358 | India | 4,281 | Russia | 925 |
| 4 | UK | 1,209 | Germany | 2,522 | Netherlands | 1,331 | Netherlands | 3,390 | UK | 734 |
| 5 | Singapore | 1,055 | Netherlands | 2,516 | Germany | 716 | UK | 2,249 | Germany | 706 |
| 6 | Netherlands | 1,025 | UK | 1,355 | Russia | 715 | Germany | 896 | Moldova | 456 |
| 7 | Brazil | 1,007 | France | 1,182 | UK | 552 | Ukraine | 651 | France | 404 |
| 8 | USA | 874 | Italy | 1,052 | Italy | 391 | Lithuania | 633 | Netherlands | 397 |
| 9 | Spain | 851 | Brazil | 1,049 | France | 390 | Brazil | 502 | Italy | 363 |
| 10 | France | 722 | Spain | 854 | Turkey | 290 | USA | 491 | Brazil | 328 |
TABLE XX.
IPv6 Allocated Address pools per National Economy – December 2022
| Rank | CC | Allocated (/48s) | % Total | /48s p.c. | Advertised /48s | Deployment | Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | US | 4,711,773,641 | 19.3% | 13.9 | 1,360,009,679 | 13.2% | USA |
| 2 | CN | 4,218,814,563 | 17.3% | 3.0 | 1,697,013,310 | 16.5% | China |
| 3 | DE | 1,535,836,883 | 6.3% | 18.4 | 1,053,057,966 | 10.2% | Germany |
| 4 | GB | 1,498,022,128 | 6.1% | 22.1 | 472,013,191 | 4.6% | UK |
| 5 | RU | 1,115,226,419 | 4.6% | 7.7 | 223,745,017 | 2.2% | Russia |
| 6 | FR | 971,780,506 | 4.0% | 15.0 | 174,722,243 | 1.7% | France |
| 7 | NL | 829,817,132 | 3.4% | 47.2 | 359,311,107 | 3.5% | Netherlands |
| 8 | IT | 669,650,985 | 2.7% | 11.4 | 418,702,711 | 4.1% | Italy |
| 9 | JP | 664,477,902 | 2.7% | 5.4 | 508,779,422 | 4.9% | Japan |
| 10 | AU | 621,544,682 | 2.5% | 23.6 | 311,060,736 | 3.0% | Australia |
| 11 | BR | 544,695,204 | 2.2% | 2.5 | 392,640,662 | 3.8% | Brazil |
| 12 | SE | 453,247,324 | 1.9% | 42.8 | 356,204,225 | 3.5% | Sweden |
| 13 | IN | 430,900,264 | 1.8% | 0.3 | 360,281,569 | 3.5% | India |
| 14 | ES | 399,048,743 | 1.6% | 8.4 | 98,712,690 | 1.0% | Spain |
| 15 | PL | 396,230,899 | 1.6% | 9.8 | 222,331,434 | 2.2% | Poland |
| 16 | AR | 351,799,399 | 1.4% | 7.7 | 284,283,185 | 2.8% | Argentina |
| 17 | KR | 345,636,875 | 1.4% | 6.7 | 4,518,648 | 0.0% | Korea |
| 18 | ZA | 320,345,258 | 1.3% | 5.3 | 290,878,909 | 2.8% | South Africa |
| 19 | EG | 270,204,932 | 1.1% | 2.4 | 270,008,321 | 2.6% | Egypt |
| 20 | CH | 248,775,100 | 1.0% | 28.4 | 115,094,843 | 1.1% | Switzerland |
| 21 | TR | 234,422,302 | 1.0% | 2.7 | 45,390,112 | 0.4% | Turkey |
| 22 | CZ | 194,642,039 | 0.8% | 18.5 | 112,187,291 | 1.1% | Czech Republic |
| 23 | IR | 188,088,327 | 0.8% | 2.1 | 32,936,166 | 0.3% | Iran |
| 24 | UA | 182,845,623 | 0.7% | 4.8 | 70,103,860 | 0.7% | Ukraine |
| 25 | TW | 169,148,435 | 0.7% | 7.1 | 155,106,153 | 1.5% | Taiwan(China) |
Figure 14.
Allocated, Unadvertised and Advertised IPv6 addresses
Figure 15.
Advertised IPv6 Addresses as a percentage of the Allocated Address Pool
Figure 16.
IPv6 Deployment measurement 2010 – 2021
Figure 17.
IPv6 Deployment measurement - December 2022