Energy Security amid Geopolitical Instability: Lessons from the 2026 Strait of Hormuz Shock
References
- Bloomberg. (2026). Bloomberg Global Gasoline and Distillates Trade Flows (DSET CPPJ) [Dataset]. Bloomberg Terminal.
- Bousso, R. (2026, February 18). China isn’t importing any US LNG, but it’s still in the game. Reuters.
- Bruegel. (2022). European natural gas imports [Dataset].
- Bruegel. (2025). European Clean Tech Tracker [Dataset].
- Bruegel. (2026). 2026 European energy crisis fiscal response tracker [Dataset].
- European Central Bank. (2026, April 20). The energy shock: Where we stand and what we need to know.
- European Commission. (2024, February 15). In focus: EU energy security and gas supplies.
- European Commission. (2026a). Clean Industrial Deal State Aid Framework (CISAF).
- European Commission. (2026b). Commission proposes actions to protect Europeans from the fossil energy crisis and accelerate the shift to clean, homegrown energy.
- European Commission. (2026c). Middle East Crisis Temporary State Aid Framework (METSAF).
- European Commission. (n.d.). Weekly Oil Bulletin.
- Eurostat. (2026a, March). Energy in Europe – 2026 edition.
- Eurostat. (2026b, March 25). EU imports of energy products decreased again in 2025.
- Ferman, M. (2026, April 23). Shell says European refineries run flat-out to make jet fuel. Bloomberg.
- Fleming, S., & Tamma, P. (2026, May 3). IMF criticises EU governments for ignoring energy subsidy warnings. Financial Times.
- Hinz, J., Mahlkow, H., Sogalla, R., & Willmann, G. (2026). The cost of closing the Strait of Hormuz: Energy bottlenecks and global food security (Kiel Policy Brief No. 206). Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
- International Energy Agency. (2026a, May 13). Oil market report – May 2026. International Energy Agency. (2026b, March 17). Global LNG capacity tracker [Dataset].
- Keliauskaitė, U., McWilliams, B., Mramor, T., Roth, A., Tagliapietra, S., & Zachmann, G. (2026). How Europe should respond to the Iran gas shock – and how it shouldn’t (Analysis No. 07/2026). Bruegel.
- Lal, A., Tavoni, M., Preuss, N., & You, F. (2026). Aligning EU energy security and climate mitigation through targeted transition strategies. Nature Communications, 17(1), 875.
- McWilliams, B., Tagliapietra, S., & Zachmann, G. (2025). Europe’s energy information problem (Bruegel Policy Brief 07/2025). Bruegel.
- Rapier, R. (2026, April 5). Why U.S. refineries can handle shale oil despite the persistent myth. Forbes.
- Reuters. (2026, April 30). IEA head Birol reaffirms that world facing biggest energy crisis in history. Reuters.
- Rosslowe, C., & Petrovich, B. (2026, March 13). Latest energy shock reminds Europe of its risky gas reliance. Ember.
- Sands, L. (2026, June 21). Uncertainty remains over the Strait of Hormuz. New York Times.
- US Energy Information Administration. (n.d.). Petroleum & other liquids.
- Williams, C., Disavino, S., & Clark, H. (2026, March 4). U.S., Australia can
Language: English
Page range: 195 - 202
Published on: Aug 10, 2026
Published by: ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 6 issues per year
Related subjects:
© 2026 Ugnė Keliauskaitė, Ben McWilliams, Thomas Mramor, Alexander Roth, Simone Tagliapietra, Georg Zachmann, published by ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.