Economic Welfare to Economic Warfare? The EU and the Changing Face of International Trade
By: Christian Lau and Simon Schropp
References
- Baptista, E. (2025, November 9). China grants exemptions on Nexperia chip export curbs for civilian use. Reuters.
- Council of the European Union. (2025, October 23). 19th package of sanctions against Russia: EU targets Russian energy, third-country banks and crypto providers (Press release).
- European Commission & High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. (2023, June 20). Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council: European Economic Security Strategy (JOIN(2023) 20 final).
- European Commission. (2024, December 12). Definitive countervailing duties on imports of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) from China adopted under Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/2754 (applicable as of 30 October 2024).
- European Commission. (2025a). EU Statement at the General Council Meeting, 06-07 October 2025.
- European Commission. (2025b, October 7). Commission proposes plan to protect EU steel industry from unfair impacts of global overcapacity. European Commission. (2025c, October 29). Modernised EU-Ukraine trade agreement enters into force to support Ukraine’s economic recovery and path to the EU Single Market (Press release).
- European Commission. (2025d, November 19). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 as regards the simplification of the rules on artificial intelligence [COM(2025) 836 final].
- European Commission. (2025e, December 3). Commission announces strategic approach to strengthen Europe’s economic security. European Commission. (2026a, January 9). Guidelines on the application of the Foreign Subsidies Regulation (FSR).
- European Commission. (2026b, January 14). CBAM successfully entered into force on 1 January 2026; only authorised CBAM declarants may import covered goods.
- European Commission & The White House. (2025, August 21). EU – US Framework Agreement on Reciprocal, Fair and Balanced Trade (joint statement/press release).
- EDRi. (2025, November 19). Press Release: Commission’s Digital Omnibus is a major rollback of EU digital protections.
- European Parliament. (2025, December 11). Revision of the foreign direct investment (FDI) screening regulation. Legislative Train Schedule.
- European Parliament Research Service. (2025, November 8). At a glance: China’s new technology export restrictions.
- Euronews. (2025a, July 7). EU–China tensions escalate over medical-device procurement restrictions.
- Euronews. (2025b, November 14). ‘Everything can be weaponised’: EU trade chief Šefčovič speaks after Nexperia spat.
- Financial Times. (2026a, January 21). EU lawmakers vote to delay Mercosur trade pact over legal concerns.
- Financial Times. (2026b, January 27). ‘EU to announce ‘mother of all’ Indian trade deals’.
- García Bercero, I. (2025, October 9). The EU should moderate its steel protection plan. Bruegel.
- Haeck, P. (2025, November 14). Dutch halt order: State control of Chinese chip firm Nexperia. Politico.
- Reuters. (2025a, November 24). How the Nexperia chip crisis upended auto supply chains—again.
- Reuters. (2025b, December 22). China hits EU dairy with duties, broadening trade conflict.
- Stamouli, N. (2026, January 27). Donald Trump’s erratic trade policy blamed for US gas auction in Eastern Europe. Politico.
- Sterling, T. (2025, October 13). In rare move, Dutch government takes control of China-owned chipmaker Nexperia. Reuters.
Language: English
Page range: 94 - 100
Published on: Apr 15, 2026
Published by: ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 6 issues per year
Related subjects:
© 2026 Christian Lau, Simon Schropp, published by ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.