Europe’s Critical Raw Materials: Balancing Strategic Needs with Environmental Protection
By:
References
- Ali, S. H. (2024, July 11). Forming a planetary trust for resourcing the green transition. Forbes.
- Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216–224.
- BDO. (2025). Financing the mining transition. BDO UK.
- Boutilier, R. G., & Thomson, I. (2011). Modelling and measuring the social license to operate: Fruits of a dialogue between theory and practice. In P. Darling (Ed.), SME Mining Engineering Handbook (pp. 1779–1796). Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration.
- Bridge, G. (2004). Contested Terrain: Mining and the Environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 29, 205–259.
- Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. (2023, July 17). More than 60 civil society organisations and Indigenous peoples’ movements call on the EU to safeguard human rights in the CRMA.
- Centobelli, P., Cerchione, R., Chiaroni, D., Del Vecchio, P., & Urbinati, A. (2020). Designing business models in circular economy: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Business Strategy and Environment, 29, 1734–1749.
- Correia, V., Rosendo, L., & Falck, E. (2024a). Understanding the narratives in the public debate about mining in Europe. European Geologist, 57.
- Correia, V., Falck, E., & Komac, M. (2024b). Invisible Mining: Addressing EU Raw Material Challenges Through Technological Innovation. Inter-economics.
- Dunlap, A., & Riquito, M. (2023). Social warfare for lithium extraction? Open-pit lithium mining, counterinsurgency tactics and enforcing green extractivism in northern Portugal. Energy Research & Social Science, 95, 102912.
- Egenhofer, C., Elkerbout, M., & Núñez Ferrer, J. (2020). The EU Green Deal after Corona: Implications for EU climate policy. CEPS Policy Insights.
- European Commission. (2010). Critical raw materials for the EU: Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw materials. European Commission.
- European Commission. (2024). EU Nature Restoration Law.
- European Union. (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1252 establishing a framework for ensuring a secure and sustainable supply of critical raw materials.
- Geissdoerfer, M., Morioka, S., Carvalho, M., & Evans, S. (2018). Business models and supply chains for the circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 190, 712–721.
- Hámor-Vidó, M., Hámor, T., & Czirok, L. (2021). Underground space: The legal governance of a critical resource in circular economy. Resources Policy, 73, 102171.
- Humphreys, D. (2015). The Remaking of the Mining Industry. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Köllner, C., Heuss-Aßbichler, S., & Bertau, M. (2023). Technological innovation in European mining: Advancing sustainability through digital transformation. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 188, 106642.
- Lesser, K., Ranängen, H., & Arvidsson, R. (2023). Social acceptance of mining in European countries: A comprehensive review of key issues. The Extractive Industries and Society, 12, 101171.
- Lüdeke-Freund, F., Gold, S., & Bocken, N. M. P. (2019). A Review and Typology of Circular Economy Business Model Patterns. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 23, 36–61.
- O’Faircheallaigh, C. (2015). Social equity and large mining projects: Voluntary industry initiatives, public regulation and community development agreements. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(1), 91–103.
- Otto, J. M. (2010). Community Development Agreement, Model Regulations & Example Guidelines [Final Report]. World Bank Group Contract No. 7154096.
- Ovaskainen, N., Luodes, N., Eerola, T., & Marasmi, C., (2024). Sensitivity maps of potential conflicts over natural resources usage. Deliverable 3.2 of the Critical raw materials extraction in environ-mentally protected areas (CIRAN) project.
- Poelzer, G. A. (2023). Pursuing alignment: A comparison of public officials and citizen perception of mine development. Resources, 12(11), 134.
- Sternberg, T., Ahearn, A., & McConnell, F. (2019). From conflict to a Community Development Agreement: a South Gobi solution. Community Development Journal.
- Stewart, I. S., & Lewis, D. (2017). Communicating contested geoscience to the public: Moving from ‘matters of fact’ to ‘matters of concern’. Earth-Science Reviews, 174, 122–133.
- Tost, M., Lesser, P., Poelzer, G., Akhouri, U., & Gugerell, K. (2021). Social License to Operate (SLO) Guidelines for Europe. H2020 Project MIREU, Deliverable D4.3.
- UNCTAD. (2009). Trade and Development Report, 2009: Responding to the global crisis. United Nations.
- Verrax, F. (2024). Exploitation de lithium dans l’Allier : une mine responsable est-elle possible? The Conversation France.
- World Bank. (2012). Mining Community Development Agreements [Source Book].
- World Bank. (2019). China Economic Update - December 2019. World Bank Group.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ie-2025-0057 | Journal eISSN: 1613-964X
Language: English
Page range: 297 - 302
Published on: Oct 23, 2025
Published by: ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Related subjects:
© 2025 Vitor Correia, W. Eberhard Falck, published by ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.