References
- Barrie, D., Barry, B., Béraud-Sudreau, L., Boyd, H., Childs, N. & Gieg-erich, B. (2019). Defending Europe: scenario-based capability requirements for NATO’s European members. International Institute for Strategic Studies.
- Burilkov, A., Mejino-Lopez, J., & Wolff, G. (2024, December 18). The US defence industrial base can no longer reliably supply Europe. Bruegel.
- Burilkov, A., & Wolff, G. (2025, February 21). Defending Europe without the US – first estimates of what is needed. Bruegel.
- Carril, R., & Duggan, M. (2020). The impact of industry consolidation on government procurement: Evidence from Department of Defense contracting. Journal of Public Economics, 184, 104141.
- Centrone, M., & Fernandes, M. (2024). Improving the quality of European defence spending. European Parliamentary Research Service.
- Council of the EU. (2025). SAFE: Council adopts €150 billion boost for joint procurement on European security and defence. Consilium.
- Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space. (2024). Access to equity financing for European defence SMEs. European Commission.
- European Commission. (2024, November 14). EU boosts defence readiness with first-ever financial support for common defence procurement [Press release].
- European Commission, & High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. (2025). Joint White Paper for European De-fence Readiness 2030. (JOIN(2025) 120 final).
- European Investment Bank. (2025, March 21). EIB steps up financing for European security and defence and critical raw materials [Press release].
- Fabbrini, F., Goulard, S., Caunes, K., de Vries, C., Genini, D., James, H., Kaminski, A., Keller, E., Kirst, N., Mayer, F., Mourlon-Druol, E., & Wolff, G. (2025). Getting serious about defence integration: The European De-fence Community precedent (ALCIDE Policy Brief). Dublin European Law Institute.
- Harrison, M. (1990). A volume index of the total munitions output of the United Kingdom, 1939–1944. The Economic History Review, 43(4), 657–666.
- Henderson, B. (1968, January 1). The Experience Curve. BCG Global. Herman, A. (2012). Freedom’s forge: How American business produced victory in World War II. Random House.
- Jarlov, R. [@RasmusJarlov]. (2025, March 27). I dont know if there is a kill switch in the F35’s or not. [Post]. X.
- Lafond, F., Greenwald, D., & Farmer, J. D. (2022). Can stimulating demand drive costs down? World War II as a natural experiment. The Journal of Economic History, 82(3), 727–764.
- McKinsey. (2025, February 12). European defense tech start-ups: In it for the long run?
- Mejino-Lopez, J., & Wolff, G. B. (2025). Boosting the European defence industry in a hostile world. Intereconomics, 60(1), 34–39.
- Merler, S. (2025, March 17). Sustainability rules are not a block on EU de-fence financing, but reputational fears are. Bruegel.
- Pench, L. (2025). Dilemmas for the EU in deficit-financing of defence expenditure and maintenance of fiscal discipline (Working Paper 03/2025). Bruegel.
- Pereira, H., Madureira Martins, S., & Ferreira Santos, N. (2025, March 13). Nuno Melo admite compra de caças europeus a par de F-35. “O mundo já mudou”. Público.
- Steinbach, A., & Wolff, G. (2024). Financing European air defence through European Union debt (Policy Brief 21/2024). Bruegel.
- Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. (2024). SIPRI Arms Industry Database.
- Streb, J., & Streb, S. (1998). Optimale Beschaffungsverträge bei asymmetrischer Informationsverteilung: Zur Erklärung des nationalsozialistischen Rüstungswunders während des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, 118, 275–294.
- Wolff, G. B., Burilkov, A., Bushnell, K., & Kharitonov, I. (2024a). Fit for war in decades: Europe’s and Germany’s slow rearmament vis-à-vis Russia (Kiel Report 1). Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
- Wolff, G. B., Kharitonov, I., & Bushnell, K. (2024b). Kiel Military Procurement Tracker. Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
- Zettelmeyer, J., Steinbach, A., & Wolff, G. (2025). The proposed European defence mechanism: Questions and answers. Bruegel.