Have a personal or library account? Click to login

The Use of Torture in the Fight against Terrorism

Open Access
|Sep 2018

References

  1. ALEXY, Robert. A Theory of Constitutional Rights. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 64–68.
  2. CHRISTÓFOLO, João Ernesto. Solving Antinomies Between Peremptory Norms in Public International Law. Geneva: Schulthess, 2016, p. 24.
  3. DERSHOWITZ, Alan. Tortured Reasoning, in LEVINSON, Stanford (ed). Torture: A Collection. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 266.
  4. EDGERTON, Robert B. The Worldwide Practice of Torture. New York: Edwin Mellen Press Ltd, 2007.
  5. FEIN, Helen. Human Rights and Wrongs: Slavery, Terror, Genocide. Colorado: Paradigm Publishers, 2007, pp. 63–76.
  6. GUR-ARYE, Miriam. Can the War against Terror Justify the Use of Force in Interrogations? Reflection in Light of the Israeli Experience in LEVINSON, Stanford (ed). Torture: A Collection. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  7. KRAUTHAMMER, Charles. The Truth about Torture in LEVINSON, Stanford (ed). Torture: A Collection. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  8. LEVINSON, Stanford (ed). Torture: A Collection. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 294.
  9. PERELMAN, Chaïm. Les Antinomies en Droit, Essay de synthèse. In PERELMAN, Chaïm (ed.), Les antonomies en droit, Bruxelles, 1965, p. 393.
  10. POSNER, Richard. Torture, Terrorism, and Interrogation. In LEVINSON, Stanford (ed). Torture: A Collection. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 294.
  11. WALZER, Michael. Political Action: The Problem of Dirty Hands, in LEVINSON, Stanford (ed). Torture: A Collection. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  12. BELLAMY, Alex J. No pain, no gain? Torture and Ethics in the War on Terror. International Affairs, 2006, vol. 82(1), pp. 121–148.10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00518.x
  13. BUFACCHI, Vittorio & ARRIGO, Jean Maria. Torture, Terrorism and the State: a Refutation of the Ticking-Bomb Argument. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 2006, vol. 23(3), p. 355.10.1111/j.1468-5930.2006.00355.x
  14. BUHA, Mark J. Rule Utilitarian and Deontologist Perspectives on Comparisons of Torture and Killing. Washington University Juridical Review, 2010, vol. 2, p. 304.
  15. DANELIUS, Hans. Torture and Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Nordic Journal of International Law, 1959, vol. 58, p. 180.10.1163/157181089X00046
  16. DERSHOWITZ, Alan. The Torture Warrant: a Response to Professor Strauss. New York Law School Law Review, 2003, vol. 48, p. 275.
  17. HATHAWAY, Oona. Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference? Yale Journal of International Law, 2002, p. 1935.10.2307/797642
  18. GERT, Bernard. Justifying Violence. The Journal of Philosophy, 1969, vol. 66, p. 623.10.2307/2024178
  19. KOLA, Fatima. Torture and Terrorism – a case study. Supplement UCL Jurisprudence Review, 2007, pp. 85, 97.
  20. LEPSIUS, Oliver. Human Dignity and the Downing of Aircraft: The German Federal Constitutional Court Strikes Down a Prominent Anti-Terrorism Provision in the New Air-Transport Security Act. German Law Journal, vol. 7, no. 9, p. 773.10.1017/S2071832200005071
  21. LIPPMAN, Matthew. The Development and Drafting of the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, 1994, vol. 17, pp. 314–315.
  22. MACMASTER, Neil. Torture: From Algiers to Abu Ghraib. Race and Class, 2004, vol. 46(2), p. 12.10.1177/0306396804047722
  23. McCRUDDEN, Christopher. Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights. European Journal of International Law, 2008, vol. 19, issue 4. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/19/4/655/349356. Accessed: 30 June 2018.10.1093/ejil/chn043
  24. RODLEY, Nigel. The Prohibition of Torture: Absolute Means Absolute. Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, 2006, vol. 34, pp. 145–160.
  25. STRAUSS, Mary. Torture (2003–2004). New York Law School Law Review, p. 48.
  26. SIMMA, Bruno & ALSTON, Philip. The Sources Of Human Rights Law: Custom, Jus Cogens, and General Principles. European Journal of International Law, 1995, vol. 6, p. 43.
  27. WEATHERALL, Thomas. The Status of the Prohibition of Terrorism in International Law: Recent Developments. Georgetown Journal of International Law, 2015, vol. 46, p. 589.
  28. African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1981.
  29. American Convention of Human Rights, 1969.
  30. Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, 1963.
  31. Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 1998
  32. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984.
  33. Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air, 1999.
  34. Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture or Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1975.
  35. European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950.
  36. Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture, 1985.
  37. International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, 2005.
  38. International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 1999.
  39. International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, 1999.
  40. International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, 1979.
  41. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966.
  42. United Nations Charter, 1945.
  43. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969.
  44. S/RES 1373 (2001).
  45. S/RES 1624 (2005).
  46. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v Serbia) (3 February 2015) (2015) ICJ Reports para 160.10.1017/CBO9781107416086.001
  47. Belgium v Senegal (Questions Relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite) (20 July 2012) (2012) ICJ Reports, paras 99–100.
  48. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory 2004 ICJ Reports 136. para 4–5.
  49. Prosecutor v Ayyash et al (STL-11-01/I), Interlocutory Decision on the Applicable Law: Terrorism, Conspiracy, Homicide, Perpetration, Cumulative Charging, Appeals Chamber, 16 February 2011 paras 42–62.
  50. Prosecutor v Furundzija (1998) 38 ILM 317 para 164. para 144.
  51. Prosecutor v Stanislav Galić Case No. IT-98-29-I, Indictment, 26 March 1999, para 41.
  52. African Commission, Abdel Hadi, Ali Radi & Others v Republic of Sudan, Communication 368/09 (5 November 2013) para 71.
  53. Durand and Ugarte v Peru, IACHR, 16 August 2000, Ser C, No 68, para 59.
  54. Loayza-Tamayo v Peru, IACtHR, 17 September 1997, Series C No 33, para 57.
  55. Mejía v Peru, IACHR, 1 March 1996, OEA/SerL/V/II91 Doc 7 sec B, para 2.
  56. Morales v Guatemala Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, IAm Comm of HR (8 March 1998) Ser C No 37 134.
  57. Communication 110/1981, Acosta v Uruguay, UNHR Committee, 12 August 1981, UN Doc Supp no 40, A/39/40, 1984, para 14.10.17077/0021-065X.2816
  58. Communication 88/1981, Bequio v Uruguay, UNHR Committee, 14 March 1981, UN Doc CCPR/C/OP/2 (1990), para 12.
  59. Communication 105/1981, Cabreira v Uruguay, UNHR Committee, 7 August 1981, UN Doc CCPR/C/OP/2 (1990), para 11.
  60. Communication 176/1984, Lafuente Peñarrieta et al. v Bolivia, UNHR Committee, 2 November 1987, UN Doc CCPR/C/OP/2 201 (1990), paras 1.3, 10.4.
  61. Communication 74/1980, Miguel Angel Estrella v Uruguay, UNHR Committee, 17 July 1980, UN Doc Supp No 40 (A/38/40) 150 (1983) para 1.6.
  62. Chahal v United Kingdom Application no 22414/93 ECHR (5 November 1996), para 79.
  63. Gäfgen v Germany Application no 22978/05 (1 June 2010) 87.
  64. Ireland v the United Kingdom, Application no 5310/71, ECHR, judgement, 18 January 1978, para 167.
  65. Ireland v the United Kingdom EC (1976) 512 Yearbook of European Convention on Human Rights 489–491.
  66. Labita v Italy Application no 26772/95 ECHR (6 April 2000), para 119.
  67. Ramirez Sanchez v. France Application no 59450/00 (4 July 2006), para 116.
  68. Selmouni v France, Application no 25803(94), ECHR, 1 December 1977, paras 20, 24.
  69. Soering v United Kingdom, Application 14038/88, ECHR, 7 July 1989, p. 40, para 91, sec 102.
  70. The Greek Case Report of the Commission: Application no 3321/67-Denmark v Greece, Application no 3322/67-Norway v Greece, Application no 3323/67-Sweden v Greece, Application no 3344/67-Netherlands v. Greece (1970) EC 1 1.
  71. Al-Adsani v UK (2001) 34 EHRR 273, 123 ILR 24 para
  72. Alvarez-Machain v United States 331 F 3d 604 (2003, 9th Cir) 613.
  73. A & Others v Secretary of State for the Home Department (No 2), (2005) (HL)1 WLR 53
  74. Ashcraft v Tennessee 322 US 143, 155 (1944).
  75. Attorney General of Israel v Adolf Eichmann, District Court of Jerusalem, 36 ILR 18, 25, 26, 50 (Israel Dist Ct 1961).
  76. Case of Igor Portu and Mattin Sarasola Spanish Supreme Court (2 November 2011).
  77. Flatow v Islamic Republic of Iran 999 F Supp 23 (DDC 1998).
  78. Filartiga v Pena-Irala 630 F 2d 876 (2d Cir 1980) 882–83.
  79. Kaunda & Others v President of the Republic of South Africa & Others (Society for the Abolition of the Death Penalty in South Africa intervening as Amicus Curiae) 2005 4 SA 235 (CC).
  80. Kazemi Estate v Islamic Republic of Iran 2014 SCC 151–152.
  81. Koigi Wamwere v the Attorney-General (2015) eKLR 6.
  82. Loizidou v Turkey, 23 March 1995, Series A, no 310, p. 26, sec 71.
  83. Nulyarimma v Thompson (1999) FCA 1192 (1 September 1999) 145.
  84. R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, Ex parte Pinochet Ugarte (No 3) (2000) 1 AC 147.
  85. Sentencia del Pleno Jurisdiccional del Tribunal Constitucional del Perú Exp n 0024-2010-PI/TC 53.
  86. Siderman de Blake v Republic of Argentina 965 F 2d 699 (9th Cir 1992).
  87. Smith v Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 101 F 3d 239 (2nd Cir 1996) 242.
  88. Tachiona v Mugabe, 169 F. Supp. 2d 259, SDNY 2001, p. 264, 279.
  89. Tel-Oren v Libyan Arab Republic (Judgement of 3 February 1984) 726 F2d 774, 233 (US App DC) 384.
  90. Tyrer v the United Kingdom, 25 April 1978, Series A no 26, p. 15, para 31.
  91. Public Committee Against Torture v State of Israel HCJ 5100/94 (1999) 817.
  92. Xuncax v Gramajo 886 FSupp (D Mass 1995) 162, 174, 178.
  93. Algerian Penal Code, promulgated by Order No. 66-156 of 18 Safar 1386 corresponding to 8 June, 1966.
  94. Andorra New Penal Code, 2005.
  95. Antigua and Barbuda Prevention of Terrorism Act of 2005.
  96. Arabian Law of Criminal Procedure of 16 October 2001.
  97. Armenian Criminal Code, 2003.
  98. Australian Criminal Act Code, 1995
  99. Aviation Security Act, 12 January 2005, Federal Law Gazette I, 78.10.1016/S1353-4858(05)00199-6
  100. Bahamas Anti-Terrorism Act, 2004.
  101. Bangladesh Anti-Terrorism Ordinance, 2004.
  102. Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949.
  103. Belgian Organic Law on the Intelligence and Security Services, 1998.
  104. Brazilian Anti-Terrorism Law, 2016.
  105. Botswana Counter-Terrorism Act 24 of 2014.
  106. Cameroon Law on the Suppression of Acts of Terrorism 28 of 2014.
  107. Canadian Criminal Code, 1985.
  108. Cameroon Penal Code, 1967.
  109. Columbia Penal Code Law no 599 of 2000.
  110. Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, 1999.
  111. Constitution of Cameroon, 1972.
  112. Constitution of Colombia, 1991.
  113. Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2005.
  114. Constitution of Greece, 1975 (as amended).
  115. Constitution of Kenya, 2010.
  116. Constitution of Namibia, 1990.2244757
  117. Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973.
  118. Constitution of Peru, 1993.
  119. Constitution of the Republic of Poland, 1997.
  120. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.
  121. Constitution of the Republic of Uganda, 1995.7645673
  122. Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993.
  123. Constitution of Syrian Arabic Republic, 2012.
  124. Constitution of Sri Lanka, 1978.
  125. Constitution of Sudan, 2005.
  126. Constitution of Tunisia, 2014.
  127. Criminal Code of Croatia 111 of 15 July 2003.
  128. Criminal Code of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2005.
  129. Criminal Code of the Czech Republic Act 40 of 2009.
  130. Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania, Law no 7895 of 1995.
  131. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation no 63-Fz of 13 June 1996.
  132. Criminal Code of Ukraine, 2001.
  133. Criminal-Procedural Code of the Russian Federation No. 174-Fz of 18 December 2001.
  134. Dominican Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (Amendment) Act 10 of 2011.
  135. Egyptian Anti-Terrorism Law, 2015.
  136. Ethiopian Anti-Terrorism Proclamation no 652 of 2009.
  137. French Penal Code, 1791.
  138. 18 US Code § 2340 (2004).
  139. Ghana Anti-Terrorism Act 762 of 2008.
  140. Guatamalan Criminal Code, 1973.
  141. Honduras Criminal Code (approved by decree 144-83), 1983.
  142. Iraq Penal Code, 1969.
  143. Jamaican Terrorism Prevention Act, 2005
  144. Kazakstan Criminal Code, Law no 167 of 16 July 1997.10.2307/3504819
  145. Kenya National Intelligence Service Act 28 of 2012.
  146. Kenya National Police Service Act of 2011.
  147. Law No. 96-06 of 18 January 1996.10.1055/s-2008-1061913
  148. Lesotho Penal Code Act 6 of 2012.
  149. Malaysian Penal Code Act 574 of 2015.
  150. Mexico Federal Act on the Prevention and Punishment of Torture, 1991.
  151. Netherlands Crimes of Terrorism Act, 2004.
  152. New Zealand Terrorism Suppression Act, 2002.
  153. Nigerian Terrorism (Prevention) Act, 2011.
  154. Penal Code of Algeria, 1966.
  155. Penal Code of Bhutan, 2008.
  156. Penal Code of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste 19 of 2009.
  157. Penal Code of Spain, 1995 (as amended by Organic Law 5/2010.
  158. Philippines Anti-Torture Act, 2009.
  159. Saudi-Arabia Penal Law for Crimes of Terrorism and its Financing, 2013.
  160. Seychelles Prevention of Terrorism Act 7 of 2004
  161. South African Prevention of Combating and Torture of Persons Act, 2013.
  162. South African Protection of Constitutional Democracy Against Terrorist and Related Activities Act 33 of 2004.
  163. Sri Lanka Convention against Torture Act and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1994.
  164. Tanzanian Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002.
  165. Trinidad and Tobago Anti-Terrorism Act 26 of 2005.
  166. Tunisia Anti-Terrorism Law 26 of 2015.
  167. Turkish Penal Code, 2004.
  168. Uganda Prevention and Prohibition of Torture Act, 2012.
  169. Uganda Anti-Terrorism Act, 2002.
  170. UK Criminal Justice Act, 2017.
  171. Vanuatu Penal Code [Cap 135] 1981.
  172. Venezuela Penal Code, 2000.
  173. Analytical Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission finalised by Chairman Martti Koskenniemi. Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law, UN Doc A/CN4/L682, 13 April 2006, p. 92, 194.
  174. Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Manfred Nowak, 28 July 2008, A63/175, para 46.
  175. Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, P Kooijmans, UN Doc E/CN4/1986/15 (1986) 1, para 3.
  176. Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Nils Melzer, appointed by UNHRC resolution 1985/33, A/HRC/34/54, 14 February 2017, Yearbook of the International Law Commission II para 14.
  177. Report of the Working Group on a Draft Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment E/CN4/L1470, 12 March 1979, E/CN4/L1470, Agenda item 10(a), para 21.
  178. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. The History of Utilitarianism, 27 March 2009 [online]. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/. Accessed: 24 June 2018.
  179. The Guardian ‘Israeli Government Report admits Systematic Torture of Palestinians’ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/feb/11/israel (accessed 13 August 2017). See further Commission of Inquiry into the Methods of Investigation of the General Security Service Regarding Hostile Terrorist Activity (1989) https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/israel-law-review/article/commission-of-inquiry-into-the-methods-of-investigation-of-the-general-security-service-regarding-hostile-terrorist-activity/2feeb59b40b66a41e9ff3633c0d3bf69 (accessed 26 October 2017)
  180. TLADI, Dire. Second report on Jus Cogens.’ In UN Report of the International Law Commission 69thsession (1 May – 2 June and 3 July – 4 August 2017) A/CN4/706, p. 9 para 18.
  181. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, report by Special Rapporteur, Mr P Kooijmans, UN Doc E/CN4/1986/15 (1986) 1 para 3.
  182. DE BEER, Aniel. Peremptory norms of General lnternational law (Jus Cogens) and the Prohibition of Terrorism. Unpublished doctoral thesis, 2018, chapter 4, on file with author.10.1163/9789004391543
  183. OECHMICHEN, Anna. Terrorism and Anti-Terrorism legislation: The Terrorised Legislator? Doctoral Thesis, Leiden University, 2009, pp. 338–342. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/1887/13852. Accessed: 1 July 2017.
  184. AL JAZEERA. At least 11 civilians killed in Boko Haram attack, 2 September 2017, [online]. Available at: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/11-civilians-killed-boko-haram-attack-170902043943431.html. Accessed: 1 October 2017.
  185. AL JAZEERA. Kenya: Nine beheaded in suspected al-Shabab attack, 9 July 2017, [online]. Available at: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/07/kenya-attack-170708103555604.html. Accessed: 1 October 2017.
  186. Amnesty International. Spain: Civil Guards Convicted of Torture, 10 January 2011, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR41/002/2011/en/60b24c89-1115-4124-aa36-68f3705efc84/eur410022011en.html (accessed 1 May 2017).
  187. Amnesty International. Torture in 2014: 30 Years of Broken Promises, 5 December 2014. [online]. Available at: https://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/act400042014en.pdf. Accessed: 2 April 2016.
  188. Arab Government and Media Reactions to the Orlando Attack, 15 June 2016, [online]. Available at: http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/arab-government-and-media-reactionsto-the-orlando-attack. Accessed 7 August 2016.
  189. BBC NEWS. Donald Trump says he believes waterboarding works, 26 January 2017, [online]. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38753000 [online]. Accessed: 16 June 2018.
  190. BBC NEWS. Israel Admits Torture, 9 February 2000, [online]. (2000). Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/637293.stm. Accessed: 12 August 2017.
  191. BBC NEWS. London Bridge attack: timeline of British terror attacks, 19 June 2017, [online]. Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-40013040. Accessed: 1 October 2017.
  192. BERI, Ruchita. Rise of Terrorism in Africa. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 13 April 2017, [online]. Available at: http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/rise-of-terrorism-in-africa_rberi_130417. Accessed: 1 October 2017.
  193. BUSINESS INSIDER. These Are The 13 ‘Enhanced Interrogation Techniques’ the CIA Used On Detainees, 10 December 2014, [online]. Available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/the-13-enhanced-interrogation-techniques-the-cia-used-ondetainees-2014-12?IR=T. Accessed: 30 June 2018.
  194. BUSINESS INSIDER. Trump says torture absolutely works, 25 June 2017, [online]. Available at: www.businessinsider.com/trump-says-torture-absolutely-works-2017-1. Accessed: 16 June 2018.
  195. BVerfG, Judgment of the First Senate of 15 February 2006, 1 BvR 357/05, paras 1–156. [online]. Available at: https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/Shared-Docs/Entscheidungen/EN/2006/02/rs20060215_1bvr035705en.html. Accessed: 24 June 2018.
  196. Committee against Torture, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 19 of the Convention: Conclusions and recommendations of the Committee Against Torture, UN Doc. A/52/44, 10 September 1997, [online]. Available at: https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/CA3A3721CCF0729B05256545005095B0. Accessed: 30 June 2018.
  197. Consideration of reports submitted by state parties under article 19 of the Convention, Croatia, UN Doc CAT/C/54/Add3 12, 6–7 May 2004, [online]. Available at: http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CATC54Add3En?OpenDocument. Accessed: 17 June 2018.
  198. Consideration of reports submitted by state parties under article 19 of the Convention, Egypt, UN Doc CAT/C/34/Add.11, 28 January 1999, [online]. Available at: www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CATC34.Add.11.En?OpenDocument. Accessed: 1 May 2017.
  199. Consideration of Reports Submitted by State Parties under Article 19 of the Convention, Greece, UN Doc CAT/C/61/Add.2, 16 February 2004 [online], p. 230. Available at: www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CAT.C.61.Add.1.En?Opendocument. Accessed: 6 May 2017.
  200. Consideration of Reports Submitted by State Parties under Article 19 of the Convention, Latvia, UN Doc CAT/C/21/Add.4 6. [online]. Available at www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CAT.C.21.Add.4.En?OpenDocument. Accessed: 6 May 2017.
  201. Consideration of Reports Submitted by State Parties under Article 19 of the Convention, Luxembourg, UN Doc CAT/C/SR.517 [online]. Available at: www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/4870d067077d49bac1256a26004c2298?Open document. Accessed: 1 May 2017.
  202. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Reservations, Understandings and Declarations Made by the United States of America. [online]. Available at: http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/5d7ce66547377b1f802567fd0056b533?OpenDocument. Accessed: 12 August 2017.
  203. G20 Statement on the Fight Against Terrorism, [online]. Available at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/internationalsummit/2015/11/g20-statement-on-the-fight-against-terrorism_pdf/. Accessed: 7 August 2016.
  204. FARMER, John J Jr., NEAFSEY, Edward M. Trump and the Law on Torture, 1 March 2018, [online]. Available at: https://www.lawfareblog.com/trump-and-law-torture. Accessed: 16 June 2018.
  205. FOX NEWS. Al-Shabab fighters attack African Union convoy in southern Somalia, killing at least 8, 30 July 2017, [online]. Available at: http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/07/30/al-shabab-fighters-attack-african-union-convoy-in-southern-somalia-killing-at-least-8.html. Accessed: 1 October 2017.
  206. ICRC. France: Practice Relating to Rule 90. Torture and Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment. Available at: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_cou_fr_rule90. Accessed 1 July 2018.
  207. ICRC. Report of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on the Treatment by the Coalition Forces of Prisoners of War and Other Protected Persons by the Geneva Conventions in Iraq During Arrest, Internment and Interrogation, 2004, [online]. Available at: http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/us/doc/icrc-prisoner-report-feb-2004.pdf. Accessed: 7 October 2012, p. 8.
  208. ICRC. Report on the Treatment of Fourteen ‘High Value Detainees’ in CIA Custody, 2007, [online]. Available at: http://assets.nybooks.com/media/doc/2010/04/22/icrc-report.pdf. Accessed: 7 October 2017, p. 12.
  209. Investigation of the 800th Military Police Brigade – the Taguba Report: a Report prepared by Maj.Gen. AM Taguba on Alleged Abuse of Prisoners by Members of the 800th Military Police Brigade at the Abu Ghraib Prison, Baghdad. [online]. Available at: https://fas.org/irp/agency/dod/taguba.pdf. Accessed: 16 April 2017.
  210. LEVIN, Michael. The Case for Torture, 1982 [online]. Available at: http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/torture.html. Accessed: 5 September 2017.
  211. Public Broadcasting Service. Trump formally nominates Gina Haspel to be next CIA director, 17 April 2018, [online]. Available at https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/trump-formally-nominates-gina-haspel-to-be-next-cia-director. Accessed on: 16 June 2018.
  212. Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Right to Humane Treatment, para 164, [online]. Available at: http://www.cidh.oas.org/Terrorism/Eng/part.f.htm#_ftn418. Accessed: 3 October 2017.
  213. SHUGERMAN, Emily. Gina Haspel: Who is the woman Donald Trump wants to take over the CIA? 11 May 2018, [online]. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/gina-haspel-cia-director-donald-trump-nominated-mike-pompeo-rex-tillerson-a8346556.html. Accessed: 16 June 2018.
  214. Summary Records of the Sixth Committee, 52nd, 55th, 56th and 66th sessions Official Records of the General Assembly [online]. Available at: http://www.un.org/law/cod/sixth. Accessed: 8 August 2017.
  215. THE GUARDIAN. Torture techniques Endorsed by the Bush Administration, 17 April 2009, [online]. (2009). Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/17/torture-methods-interrogation-george-bush-approved. Accessed: 12 August 2017.
  216. POLLOCK, David & ABDELAZIZ, Mohamed. Arab states condemn “terrorist” Paris attacks [online]. Available at: http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/11/14/Arab-statesdenounce-Paris-attacks-as-violation-of-human-values-.html. Accessed: 1 December 2016.
  217. THE NEW ZEALAND HERALD. Donald Trump May be Seeking to Reinstate Torture Methods for Detained Terrorist Suspects, 26 January 2017, [online]. Available at: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11789393. Accessed: 12 August 2017.
  218. TIME MAGAZINE. A Timeline of recent terror attacks in Europe, 20 December 2016, [online]. Available at: http://time.com/4607481/europe-terrorism-timeline-berlin-paris-nice-brussels/. Accessed: 1 October 2017.
  219. Transcript of US Joint Congressional hearing. Extraordinary Rendition in US Counterterrorism Policy: The Impact on Transatlantic Relations. Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights and Oversight and Subcommittee on Europe, 17 April 2007, [online]. Available at: http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/hearing_notice.asp?id=803. Accessed: 1 June 2018.
  220. TRUMP, Donald J. National Security Strategy of the United States of America. December 2016, [online]. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905-2.pdf. Accessed: 16 June 2018.
  221. UN Committee Against Torture. General Comment No. 2: Implementation of Article 2 by States Parties. 24 January 2008, CAT/C/GC/2, [online]. Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/47ac78ce2.html. Accessed: 30 June 2018.
  222. UN Committee against Torture, Report on Argentina, UN Doc A/45/44, 21 June 1990, para 154, [online]. Available at: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/97924. Accessed: 30 June 2018.
  223. US Army Field Manual, viii FM2-22.3. Human Intelligence Collector Operations, pp. 20–25. [online]. September 2006. Available at: https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm2-22-3.pdf. Accessed: 17 June 2018.
  224. United Nations Treaty Ratifications. [online]. Available at: https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en. Accessed: 17 June 2018.
  225. US Department of State. Initial Report of the United States of America to the UN Committee against Torture, 15 October 1999, p. 6. Available at: https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/human_rights/torture_index.html. Accessed: 1 July 2018.
  226. US Department of State. Second Periodic Report of the United States of America to the UN Committee against Torture, 6 May 2005, pp. 4, 17. Available at: https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/45738.htm. Accessed: 1 July 2018.
  227. US Department of State. United States Condemns Terrorist Attack on Istanbul’s Ataturk Airport, [online]. 28 June 2016. Available at: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/06/259153.htm. Accessed 7 August 2016.
  228. Washington Post. US Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations, 26 December 2000, [online]. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/. Accessed: 16 June 2018.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2018-0026 | Journal eISSN: 2464-6601 | Journal ISSN: 12138770
Language: English
Page range: 51 - 88
Published on: Sep 25, 2018
Published by: Palacký University Olomouc
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 times per year

© 2018 Aniel de Beer, published by Palacký University Olomouc
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.