A Hybrid Z-Isomorphic GNN Framework for Robust DDoS Attack Detection in Software-Defined Networks
References
- U. Ahmed, J. C.-W. Lin, G. Srivastava. "A Resource Allocation Deep Active Learning Based on Load Balancer for Network Intrusion Detection in SDN Sensors", Computer Communications, 184, pp. 56–63, 2022.
- J. Zhou, G. Cui, S. Hu, Z. Zhang, C. Yang, Z. Liu, L. Wang, C. Li, M. Sun. "Graph Neural Networks: A Review of Methods and Applications", AI Open, 1, pp. 57–81, 2020.
- K. Xu, W. Hu, J. Leskovec, S. Jegelka. "How Powerful Are Graph Neural Networks?". In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), New Orleans, LA, USA, 2019.
- D. Kreutz, F. M. V. Ramos, P. Verissimo, C. E. Rothenberg, S. Azodolmolky, S. Uhlig. "Software-Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Survey", Proceedings of the IEEE, 103 (1), pp. 14–76, 2015.
- S. Khalife, A. Basu. "On the Power of Graph Neural Networks and the Role of the Activation Function", SIAM Journal on Applied Algebra and Geometry, 10 (2), pp. 350–365, 2026.
- P. Hadem, D. K. Saikia, S. Moulik. "An SDN-Based Intrusion Detection System Using SVM with Selective Logging for IP Traceback", Computer Networks, 191, pp. 1–11, 2021.
- J. A. Perez-Diaz, I. A. Valdovinos, K.-K. R. Choo, D. Zhu. "A Flexible SDN-Based Architecture for Identifying and Mitigating Low-Rate DDoS Attacks Using Machine Learning", IEEE Access, 8, pp. 155859–155872, 2020.
- P. Krishnan, K. Jain, A. Aldweesh, P. Prabu, R. Buyya. "OpenStackDP: A Scalable Network Security Framework for SDN-Based OpenStack Cloud Infrastructure", Journal of Cloud Computing, 12 (1), pp. 1–42, 2023.
- A. Bhardwaj, R. Tyagi, N. Sharma, A. Khare, M. S. Punia, V. K. Garg. "Network Intrusion Detection in Software Defined Networking with Self-Organized Constraint-Based Intelligent Learning Framework", Measurement: Sensors, 24, pp. 1–12, 2022.
- R. A. Elsayed, R. A. Hamada, M. I. Abdalla, S. A. Elsaid. "Securing IoT and SDN Systems Using Deep-Learning-Based Automatic Intrusion Detection", Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 14 (10), Art. no. 102211, 2023.
- T. Saba, A. Rehman, T. Sadad, H. Kolivand, S. A. Bahaj. "Anomaly-Based Intrusion Detection System for IoT Networks through Deep Learning Model", Computers and Electrical Engineering, 99, Art. no. 107810, 2022.
- A. H. Janabi, T. Kanakis, M. Johnson. "Overhead Reduction Technique for Software-Defined Network-Based Intrusion Detection Systems", IEEE Access, 10, pp. 66481–66491, 2022.
- S. Wang, J. F. Balarezo, K. G. Chavez, A. Al-Hourani, S. Kandeepan, M. R. Asghar, G. Russello. "Detecting Flooding DDoS Attacks in Software Defined Networks Using Supervised Learning Techniques", Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 35, Art. no. 101176, 2022.
- X. Zhao, H. Su, Z. Sun. "An Intrusion Detection System Based on Genetic Algorithm for Software-Defined Networks", Mathematics, 10 (21), Art. no. 3941, 2022.
- M. A. Jabbar, R. Aluvalu, S. S. Reddy. "RFAODE: A Novel Ensemble Intrusion Detection System". In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advances in Computing & Communications (ICACC), Cochin, India, 2017.
- M. S. ElSayed, N.-A. Le-Khac, M. A. Albahar, A. Jurcut. "A Novel Hybrid Model for Intrusion Detection Systems in SDNs Based on CNN and a New Regularization Technique", Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 191, Art. no. 103160, 2021.
- I. Sharafaldin, A. H. Lashkari, A. A. Ghorbani. "Developing Realistic Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attack Dataset and Taxonomy". In Proceedings of the International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST), pp. 1–8, 2019.
- C.-S. Shieh, T.-T. Nguyen, M.-F. Horng. "Detection of Unknown DDoS Attack Using Convolutional Neural Networks Featuring Geometrical Metric", Mathematics, 11 (9), Art. no. 2145, 2023.
- F. Laghrissi, S. Douzi, K. Douzi, B. Hssina. "Intrusion Detection Systems Using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)", Journal of Big Data, 8 (1), Art. no. 65, 2021.
- A. A. Bahashwan, M. Anbar, S. Manickam, T. A. Al-Amiedy, M. A. Aladaileh, I. H. Hasbullah. "A Systematic Literature Review on Machine Learning and Deep Learning Approaches for Detecting DDoS Attacks in Software-Defined Networking", Sensors, 23 (9), Art. no. 4441, 2023.
- J. C. C. Chica, J. C. Imbachi, J. F. Botero. "Security in SDN: A Comprehensive Survey", Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 159, Art. no. 102595, 2020.
- W. W. Lo, S. Layeghy, M. Sarhan, M. Gallagher, M. Portmann. "E-GraphSAGE: A Graph Neural Network Based Intrusion Detection System for IoT". In Proceedings of the IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS), pp. 1–9, 2022.
- R. B. Said, Z. Sabir, I. Askerzade. "CNN-BiLSTM: A Hybrid Deep Learning Approach for Network Intrusion Detection System in Software-Defined Networking with Hybrid Feature Selection", IEEE Access, 11, pp. 138732–138747, 2023.
- S. M. Kasongo. "A Deep Learning Technique for Intrusion Detection System Using a Recurrent Neural Network Based Framework", Computer Communications, 199, pp. 113–125, 2023.
- A. K. Das, D. K. Pratihar. "Bonobo Optimizer (BO): An Intelligent Heuristic with Self-Adjusting Parameters over Continuous Spaces and Its Applications to Engineering Problems", Applied Intelligence, 52, pp. 2942–2974, 2022.
- H. Maron, H. Ben-Hamu, H. Serviansky, Y. Lipman. "Provably Powerful Graph Networks". In Proceedings of the 33rd Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), pp. 2153–2164, 2019.
- Z. Zhang, P. Cui, W. Zhu. "Deep Learning on Graphs: A Survey", IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 34 (1), pp. 249–270, 2022.
- T. N. Kipf, M. Welling. "Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networks". In Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2017.
- P. Veličković, G. Cucurull, A. Casanova, A. Romero, P. Liò, Y. Bengio. "Graph Attention Networks". In Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2018.
- A. Eid, S. Kamel, M. H. Hassan, B. Khan. "A Comparison Study of Multi-Objective Bonobo Optimizers for Optimal Integration of Distributed Generation in Distribution Systems", Frontiers in Energy Research, 10, Art. no. 847495, 2022.
- M. Khishe, M. R. Mosavi. "Chimp Optimization Algorithm", Expert Systems with Applications, 149, Art. no. 113338, 2020.
- B. Zolghadr-Asli, O. Bozorg-Haddad, X. Chu. "Crow Search Algorithm (CSA)", in Advanced Optimization by Nature-Inspired Algorithms, O. Bozorg-Haddad (ed.), Springer, Singapore, pp. 143–149, 2017.
- S. Mirjalili, A. Lewis. "The Whale Optimization Algorithm", Advances in Engineering Software, 95, pp. 51–67, 2016.
Language: English
Page range: 378 - 393
Published on: Aug 20, 2026
Published by: Cerebration Science Publishing Co., Limited
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: Volume open
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Zahirabbas J. Mulani, Suhasini Vijaykumar, Priya Chandran, published by Cerebration Science Publishing Co., Limited
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.