Table 1.
Comparison: SK, EPA, PR, EPM and MEx refer to symmetric key operations, elliptic curve point addition, pairing on elliptic curves, elliptic curve point multiplication and the number of exchanged messages respectively
| Scheme | Computation Time in μs | Forward secrecy | Comm. overhead (bit) | storage | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operations | Intel | ARM | ||||
| [14] | 11 hash | ≈ 3.41 | ≈ 49.55 | yes | 1088 | yes |
| [15] | 8 EPM & 6EPA & 2 hash | ≈ 602.48 | ≈ 6830.25 | no | 4160 | yes |
| [16] | 3 RSA & 2 hash | ≈ 1146.62 | ≈ 23283.01 | yes | 1536 | yes |
| [17] | 4 SK & 5 hash | ≈ 1.95 | ≈ 25.905 | yes | 512 | yes |
| [18] | 6 hash | ≈ 1.86 | ≈ 27.03 | no | 1280 | yes |
| [19] | 6 EPM & 2 EPA & 6 hash | ≈ 452.48 | ≈ 5134.11 | yes | 1088 | yes |
| [20] | 3 RSA & 19 hash & 2 signature | ≈ 578.87 | ≈ 11722.61 | yes | 6208 | yes |
| [21] | 10 EPM & 2 EPA & 2 PR & 4 hash | ≈ 2207.86 | ≈ 25015 | yes | 2048 | yes |
| [9] | 4 EPM & 6 hash | ≈ 101.86 | ≈ 1627.03 | yes | 1216 | no |
| Ours | 4 hash | ≈ 1.24 | ≈ 18.02 | yes | 704 | no |
Table 2.
Comparison: SK, EPA, PR, EPM and MEx refer to symmetric key operations, elliptic curve point addition, pairing on elliptic curves, elliptic curve point multiplication and the number of exchanged messages respectively
| Scheme | Computation Time in μs | Forward secrecy | Communication overhead (in bits) | storage | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operations | Intel | ARM | ||||
| [24] | 4 hash & 12 MAC & 10ENC | ≈ 7.28 | ≈78.07 | yes | 7872 | yes |
| [25] | 8 Hash & 6 hash-to-point & 4 EPM | ≈ 304.34 | ≈ 3463.07 | yes | 9312 | yes |
| [26] | 14 Hash & 20 hash-to-point & 8 EPM & 16 EPA & 4 PR | ≈ 3527.5 | ≈ 39989.8 | yes | 9856 | yes |
| [27] | 6 Hash & 12 PRF & 3 GroupExp | ≈ 579.9 | ≈ 11715.6 | yes | 1952 | yes |
| [28] | 12 Hash & 14 EPM & 4 EPA | ≈ 1054.96 | ≈ 11968.2 | yes | 4160 | yes |
| [29] | 12 Hash & 4 Enc | ≈ 4. 12 | ≈ 57.44 | yes | 2880 | yes |
| [30] | 8 hash | ≈ 2.48 | ≈ 36.04 | yes | 1216 | yes |
| Ours | 4 hash | ≈ 1.24 | ≈ 18.02 | yes | 704 | no |
Figure 1.
Our Basic Key Exchange protocol using PReF and ECC
Figure 2.
Our Forward Secure AKE protocol using PReFs, ECC and Hash Function
Figure 3.
A Forward-secure AKE protocol in Dynamic PReF Network
Figure 4.
Basic Key Exchange from PReFs [9]
Figure 5.
Upgraded AKE protocol using PReFs [9]
Figure 6.
Forward Secure AKE protocol using PReFs [9]