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A Novel Forward-Secure Key Establishment Protocol from Physically Related Functions Cover

A Novel Forward-Secure Key Establishment Protocol from Physically Related Functions

Journal of Information Assurance and Security
Volume 20 (2025): Issue 3 (December 2025)
By: Lakshmi Kuppusamy,  B R Shankar and  Cheng-Chi Lee  
Open Access
|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Our Basic Key Exchange protocol using PReF and ECC
Our Basic Key Exchange protocol using PReF and ECC

Figure 2.

Our Forward Secure AKE protocol using PReFs, ECC and Hash Function
Our Forward Secure AKE protocol using PReFs, ECC and Hash Function

Figure 3.

A Forward-secure AKE protocol in Dynamic PReF Network
A Forward-secure AKE protocol in Dynamic PReF Network

Figure 4.

Basic Key Exchange from PReFs [9]
Basic Key Exchange from PReFs [9]

Figure 5.

Upgraded AKE protocol using PReFs [9]
Upgraded AKE protocol using PReFs [9]

Figure 6.

Forward Secure AKE protocol using PReFs [9]
Forward Secure AKE protocol using PReFs [9]

Comparison: SK, EPA, PR, EPM and MEx refer to symmetric key operations, elliptic curve point addition, pairing on elliptic curves, elliptic curve point multiplication and the number of exchanged messages respectively

SchemeComputation Time in μsForward secrecyCommunication overhead (in bits)storage
OperationsIntelARM
[24]4 hash & 12 MAC & 10ENC≈ 7.28≈78.07yes7872yes
[25]8 Hash & 6 hash-to-point & 4 EPM≈ 304.34≈ 3463.07yes9312yes
[26]14 Hash & 20 hash-to-point & 8 EPM & 16 EPA & 4 PR≈ 3527.5≈ 39989.8yes9856yes
[27]6 Hash & 12 PRF & 3 GroupExp≈ 579.9≈ 11715.6yes1952yes
[28]12 Hash & 14 EPM & 4 EPA≈ 1054.96≈ 11968.2yes4160yes
[29]12 Hash & 4 Enc≈ 4. 12≈ 57.44yes2880yes
[30]8 hash≈ 2.48≈ 36.04yes1216yes
Ours4 hash≈ 1.24≈ 18.02yes704no
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ias-2025-0009 | Journal eISSN: 1554-1029 | Journal ISSN: 1554-1010
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Language: English
Page range: 146 - 158
Published on: Dec 31, 2025
Published by: Cerebration Science Publishing Co., Limited
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 6 issues per year
Keywords:
PUF,
PReF,
AKE,
forward secrecy,
resource consumption
Related subjects:
Computer sciences,
Fundamentals of computer sciences,
Theoretical computer sciences,
IT-security and cryptology

© 2025 Lakshmi Kuppusamy, B R Shankar, Cheng-Chi Lee, published by Cerebration Science Publishing Co., Limited
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.

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