Table 1.
Blockchain applications in smart and sustainable agriculture
| Blockchain use cases | Description | Category | Platform |
|---|---|---|---|
| Distribution of egg [52] | Followed by the distribution of eggs from farms to consumers. | Traceability | Hyperledger Sawtooth |
| Brazilian grain export [53] | Assist the producer in Brazil to track grain for global exporters. | Traceability | Hyperledger Fabric |
| Agri Block IoT [54] | Data traceability through IoT sensors | Traceability | Ethereum |
| Intelligent greenhouse [41] | Greenhouse control and plant growth monitoring via user-friendly interfaces | Traceability | Ethereum |
| Smart watering system [42] | Integration of a fuzzy logic decision system with blockchain storage for privacy. | Smart farming | Customized (Java) |
| Our approach | Traceability of agricultural data | Smart farming | Hyperledger Aries And Ethereum |
Figure 1.
Hyperledger Aries Global Architecture
Figure 2.
Proposed Architecture
Figure 3.
CNN Model Architecture
Figure 4.
Filtering a 5×5 Image Using a 3×3 Convolution Kernel.
Figure 5.
Max pooling operation using 2×2 filters.
Figure 6.
Results of the analysis.
Figure 7.
Data preprocessing
Figure 8.
Construction of CNN model.
Figure 9.
Model training.
Figure 10.
Validation of the model.
Figure 11.
Final evaluation
Figure 12.
Agent creation.
Figure 13.
Invitation creates.
Figure 14.
Invitation created from Farmer Agent to Agricultural Expert Agent
Figure 15.
Acceptance of the invitation.
Figure 16.
Message exchanges.
Table 2.
Comparative Analysis of Ethereum Blockchain and Hyperledger Aries
| Feature | Ethereum | Hyperledger Aries |
|---|---|---|
| Blockchain Type | Public blockchain | Permissioned blockchain framework |
| Main Purpose | Supports smart contracts and decentralized applications (DApps) | Designed for decentralized identity systems and secure data exchanges between decentralized entities |
| Smart Contract Language | Solidity (primarily) | Not specific; depends on the specific application framework |
| Architecture | Based on Proof of Work (PoW) blockchain with migration plans to Ethereum 2.0 Proof of Stake (PoS) | Modular and extensible framework for developing decentralized autonomous agents (DID) and secure message exchanges |
| Consensus Mechanism | PoW, PoS planned in Ethereum 2.0 | Depends on the underlying ledger (including PoW, PoS) |
| Flexibility | Designed for generic decentralized applications | Focused on flexibility for decentralized identity systems and secure data exchanges |
| Confidentiality-ty | Public transactions by default | Ability for private and selective transactions, emphasizing confidentiality and authorization |
| Governance | The decentralized community decides on updates. | Modular governance structure, allowing customization for each specific implementation |
| Typical Use Case | Decentralized applications, smart contracts | Decentralized identity systems, secure data exchanges between decentralized parties |