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Advancements in Offensive Language Detection: A Comprehensive Review and Experimental Analysis Cover

Advancements in Offensive Language Detection: A Comprehensive Review and Experimental Analysis

Open Access
|Feb 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Related Work Study Plan
Related Work Study Plan

Figure 2.

Dataset
Dataset

Figure 3.

Dataset Preprocess
Dataset Preprocess

Figure 4.

Category count
Category count

Figure 5.

Dataset Translation rate
Dataset Translation rate

Figure 6.

Logistic Regression
Logistic Regression

Figure 7.

Support Vector Machine
Support Vector Machine

Figure 8.

K-Nearest Neighbor
K-Nearest Neighbor

Figure 9.

GCN Work Flow
GCN Work Flow

Figure 10.

mBERT
mBERT

Imbalanced Dataset without Translation

TypeAlgorithmF1 Score (%)Time (s)Kappa (%)
BOWBernoulli Naive Bayes880.0827
Support Vector Machine881281.2745
Logistic Regression892.3545
K-Nearest Neighbor860.030
TF-IDFBernoulli Naive Bayes880.0727
Support Vector Machine89469.6947
Logistic Regression881.442
K-Nearest Neighbor860.031
Word2VecBernoulli Naive Bayes740.1326
Support Vector Machine86747.660
Logistic Regression862.5714
K-Nearest Neighbor860.054

Balanced Dataset with Translation

TypeAlgorithmF1 Score (%)Time (s)Kappa (%)
BOWBernoulli Naive Bayes71730.17
Support Vector Machine75782845.36
Logistic Regression75763.2
K-Nearest Neighbor18540.06
TF-IDFBernoulli Naive Bayes76740.32
Support Vector Machine75761207.85
Logistic Regression74751.53
K-Nearest Neighbor26520.07
Word2VecBernoulli Naive Bayes65690.27
Support Vector Machine67721912.06
Logistic Regression69725.97
K-Nearest Neighbor65710.07

Balanced Dataset without Translation

TypeAlgorithmF1 Score (%)Time (s)Kappa (%)
BOWBernoulli Naive Bayes80820.35
Support Vector Machine82834290.71
Logistic Regression82835.2
K-Nearest Neighbor16540.06
TF-IDFBernoulli Naive Bayes86850.17
Support Vector Machine85851698.51
Logistic Regression82832.46
K-Nearest Neighbor7520.06
Word2VecBernoulli Naive Bayes62660.27
Support Vector Machine68721645.81
Logistic Regression70737.39
K-Nearest Neighbor68720.07

Imbalanced Dataset with Translation

TypeAlgorithmF1 Score (%)Time (s)Kappa (%)
BOWBernoulli Naive Bayes860.3525
Support Vector Machine864290.7125
Logistic Regression875.229
K-Nearest Neighbor860.060
TF-IDFBernoulli Naive Bayes860.1725
Support Vector Machine871698.5122
Logistic Regression872.4628
K-Nearest Neighbor860.060
Word2VecBernoulli Naive Bayes730.1226
Support Vector Machine86444.380
Logistic Regression864.36
K-Nearest Neighbor860.0510
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ias-2024-0012 | Journal eISSN: 1554-1029 | Journal ISSN: 1554-1010
Language: English
Page range: 162 - 179
Published on: Feb 20, 2025
Published by: Cerebration Science Publishing Co., Limited
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 6 issues per year

© 2025 C. Nalini, R. Shanthakumari, Y. Agashia Maria, T. Janarthanan, M. Manibharathi, published by Cerebration Science Publishing Co., Limited
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.