Table 1.
Related existing research work based on the adoption of IoT and blockchain in precision agriculture
| Survey Paper | Year of Publication | Use Case / Contributions | Technology |
|---|---|---|---|
| [17] | 2016 | Smart security and monitoring devices for agricultural sector | IoT |
| [3] | 2017 | AGRO-TECH : A digital model for monitoring soil and crops | IoT/Blockchain Cloud Computing. |
| [20] | 2021 | Smart contract/Smart agriculture | Blockchain /IoT |
| [21] | 2021 | The Digital Agricultural Revolution | AI; Big Data;Cloud Computing; Robotics; IoT and Blockchain |
| [4] | 2018 | Green Agriculture System | IoT and Processing Techniques |
| [18] | 2018 | Fog Computing Security Architecture | IoT/Blockchain |
| [22] | 2019 | DeepChain | Deep Learning with Blockchain |
| [19] | 2019 | A platform for agriculture smart contracts | NEO blockchain |
| [6] | 2020 | Smart-Agriculture | IoT |
| [23] | 2020 | Smart Indoor Farming Management System | Assistant Robot and Mobile App |
| [24] | 2021 | Novel Hydration System for Smart Agriculture | IoT |
| [10] | 2021 | BIoT : IoT-based system to monitor agricultural fields | Blockchain based IoT |
| [25] | 2021 | Secure Trust Model Enable Smart agriculture | Blockchain for Internet of Things |
| [26] | 2022 | Cyber-Security | IoT based on ANN |
Table 2.
Synthesis of the various previous works for adoption of Internet of Things in smart agriculture
| Survey Paper | Year of Publication | Use Case / Contributions | Technology |
|---|---|---|---|
| [27] | 2017 | smart farming | IoT |
| [28] | 2018 | Urban Smart Farming Device | |
| [29] | 2019 | Precision Farming | IoT |
| [23] | 2020 | Smart Indoor Farming (using robot and mobile app) | IoT |
| [30] | 2020 | Smart farm and monitoring system | IoT |
| [31] | 2021 | Smart farming | IoT |
| [32] | 2021 | Smart farming environment | Robotic and IoT |
| [33] | 2022 | Smart farming | IoT |
| [34] | 2022 | Smart web of farms | IoT |
Figure 1.
Recent Internet of Things (IoT) projects in smart agriculture
Table 3.
Synthesis of research work on the adoption of blockchain in smart agriculture
| Survey Paper | Year of Publication | Use Case / Contributions | Technology |
|---|---|---|---|
| [15] | 2017 | Supply Chain Quality Management | Blockchain |
| [35] | 2017 | Farm Overseeing/Monitoring system for water distributions | Blockchain |
| [36] | 2018 | Supply Chain | Double Blockchain chain system |
| [37] | 2018 | Farm Overseeing | Blockchain |
| [38] | 2019 | Food Supply Chain Management | Blockchain |
| [39] | 2020 | Supply Chain Management | Blockchain |
| [40] | 2021 | Supply Chain Management | Blockchain based system with IoT |
| [41] | 2022 | Supply Chain Management | Blockchain |
| [42] | 2022 | Supply Chain System | Blockchain |
Figure 2.
Evolution of blockchain and internet of things research in smart agriculture
Figure 3.
IoT and Blockchain progress in precision agriculture
Figure 4.
Paper distribution of IoT and AI with Blockchain in agriculture
Figure 5.
Global IoT architecture
Figure 6.
Conventional 3-layer IoT architecture
Figure 7.
Conventional 5-layer IoT architecture
Figure 8.
IoT architecture based on Fog computing layer
Figure 9.
Hybrid IoT architecture: Fog / Edge / Cloud computing
Figure 10.
System Architecture
Figure 11.
Hybrid IoT architecture: Fog/Edge/Cloud computing
Table 4.
Smartphone agricultural applications description
| Applications Name | Category | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Precision Ag Apps | Agriculture Calculator Apps | Soil Sampling | Agriculture Management Information Apps | Commodity Pricing Apps | News and Weather Information App | |
| Farm Progress Growing Degree Days | ✓ | |||||
| Farm calculators | ✓ | |||||
| Ag PhD Soybean Diseases | ✓ | |||||
| Blend Calculators | ||||||
| Soil App | ✓ | |||||
| Farm Future | ✓ | |||||
| SOIL Sampler | ✓ | |||||
| Agri Zone | ✓ | |||||
| Farm Manager | ✓ | |||||
| Farma Partner | ✓ | |||||
| Agriapp | ✓ | |||||
| Farm Progress Growing | ✓ | |||||
| Ag mobile | ✓ | |||||
Table 5.
| Platform Name | Microsoft | IBM | Amazon |
|---|---|---|---|
| IoT Hub | IBM Watson IoT | AWS IoT | |
| Object Storage | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Device-Gateways | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Device_Protocols | AMQP;HTTP | MQTT | Web Sockets |
| Device-Device SDK | Open source SDK | Yes | Open SDK |
| Device_security | TLS | TLS | X.509 |
| Notifications and Alerts | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Big Data | Yes with HD Insight | ---- | Yes with Amazon EMR |
| Machine Learning | Yes/API (managed Service) | ---- | Yes |
| Analytics-Cold Path | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Analytics-Cold Path | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Visualization | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Field Service Integrations | Manual/Partners | Manual/Partners | Manual/Partners |
Figure 12.
Structure of blockchain
Table 6.
| Platform Name | Ethereum | Hyperledger Fabric | Coco |
|---|---|---|---|
| Description of platform | Generic blockchain platform | Modular blockchain platform | Blockchain ledger framework |
| Programming Language | Solidity | Go,Java | Different languages for smart contracts |
| Governance | Ethereum developers | Linux Foundation | Microsoft |
| Open source | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Consensus | Mining based on Proof-of-Work ledger level | Broad understanding of consensus that allows multiple approaches; Transaction Level | Caesar consensus or other consensus algorithms |
| Smart Contracts | Smart contract code | Smart Contract code | Enterprise smart Contract |
| Currency | Ether Tokens via smart contract | None Tokens Via chaincode | None |
| Per missioning | No | Fine-grained permissions | Coarse-grained permissions |
| Transaction Confirmation Time | ~12 sec | “Instantaneous” | “Instantaneous” |
| Transaction Cost | A fee must be paid | No fee | There’s a cost in credits currency |
| Privacy | No | Yes | Yes |