Identification and determination of characteristics of endophytes from rice plants and their role in biocontrol of bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Yousefi, H.; Hassanzadeh, N.; Behboudi, K.; Firouzjahi, F. Beiki

doi:10.2478/hppj-2018-0003

Abstract

Endophytic bacteria of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) from eight different cultivars were screened for their ability in inducing disease symptoms, plant growth promotion and antagonistic activity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Out of the 63 whole isolates, five were plant pathogens. Based on phenotypic characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, these were identified as Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, P. fulva, Pantoea ananatis, Pantoea sp., Cellulomonas sp. Four out of the 63 isolates behaved as potentially good plant growth-promoting and biocontrol agents. These were identified as Bacillus sp., B. subtilis, Pseudomonas putida and Enterobacter sp. This is the first report of pathogenic and endophytic bacteria from rice grown in field conditions in North of Iran.

References

Aravind, R., Kumar, A., Eapen, S.J. and Ramana K.V. 2009. Endophytic bacterial flora in root and stem tissues of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) genotype: isolation, identification and evaluation against Phytophthora capsici. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 48: 58–64.10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02486.x
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Baki, A.A.A. and Anderson, J.D. 1973. Vigour determination in soybean seed by multiple criteria. Crop Science, 31: 630–633.Barka, E. A., Gognies, S., Nowak, J., Audran, J. C. and Belarbi, A. 2002. Inhibitory effect of endophytic bacteria on Botrytis cinerea and its influence to promote the grape vine growth. Biological Control, 24: 135–142.10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00034-8
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Berg, G., Eberl, L. and Hartmann, A. 2005. The rhizosphere as a reservoir for opportunistic human pathogenic bacteria. Environmental Microbiology, 7(11): 1673–1685.10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00891.x
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bouallegue, O., Mzoughi, R., Weill, F. X., Mahdhaoui, N., Ben Salem, Y., Sboui, H., Grimont, F. and Grimont, P.A. 2004. Outbreak of Pseudomonas putida bacteraemia in a neonatal intensive care unit. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 57(1): 88–91.10.1016/j.jhin.2004.01.024
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Brenner, D.J., Mcwhorter, A.C., Kai, A., Steiger Walt, A.G. and Farmer, J.J. 1986. Enterobacter asburiae sp-nov, a new species found in clinical specimens, and reassignment of Erwinia dissolvens and Erwinia nimipressuralis to the genus Enterobacter as Enterobacter dissolvens comb-nov and Enterobacter nimipressuralis comb-nov. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 23(6): 1114–1120.10.1128/jcm.23.6.1114-1120.1986
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chithrashree-Udayashankar, A.C., Chandra-Nayaka, S., Reddy, M.S. and Srinivas C. 2011. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria mediate induced systemic resistance in rice against bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Biological Control, 59: 114–122.10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.06.010
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cho, H.S., Park, S.Y., Ryu, C.M., Kim, J.F., Kim, J.G. and Park, S.H. 2007. Interference of quorum sensing and virulence of the rice pathogen Burkholderia glumae by an engineered endophytic bacterium. Microbial Ecology, 60: 14–23.10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00280.x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Chung, E.J., Hossain, M.T., Khan, A., Kim, K.H., Jeon, C.O. and Chung, Y.R. 2015. Bacillus oryzicola sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium isolated from the root of rice with anti-microbial, plantgrowth promoting and systemic resistance-inducing activities in rice. The Plant Pathology Journal, 31: 152–164.10.5423/PPJ.OA.12.2014.0136
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Compant, S., Duffy, B., Nowak, J., Cle´ment, CH. and Ait Bark, E. 2005. Use of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria for Biocontrol of Plant Diseases: Principles, Mechanisms of Action, and Future Prospects. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(9): 4951–4959.10.1128/AEM.71.9.4951-4959.2005
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cother, E.J., Noble, D.H., van de Ven, R.J., Lanoiselet, V., Ash, G., Vuthy, N., Visarto, P. and Stodart, B. 2010. Bacterial pathogens of rice in the Kingdom of Cambodia and description of a new pathogen causing a serious sheath rot disease. Plant Pathology, 59: 944–953.10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02310.x
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cottyn, B., Regalado, E., Lanoot, B., De Cleene, M., Mew, T.W. and Swings, J. 2001. Bacterial Populations Associated with Rice Seed in the Tropical Environment. Phytopathology, 91(3): 282–292.10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.3.282
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cottyn, B., Debode, J., Regalado, E., Mew, T.W. and Swings, J. 2009. Phenotypic and genetic diversity of rice seed-associated bacteria and their role in pathogenicity and biological control. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107:885–897.10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04268.x
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
D’Alessandro, M., Erb, M., Ton, J., Brandenburg, A., Karlen, D., Zopfi, J. and Turlings, T.C.J. 2014. Volatiles produced by soil-borne endophytic bacteria increase plant pathogen resistance and affect tritrophic interactions. Plant, Cell and Environment, 37(4): 813–826.10.1111/pce.12220
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Elbeltagy, A., Nishioka, K., Suzuki, H., Sato, T., Sato, Y.I., Morisaki, H., Mitsui, H. and Minamisawa, K. 2000. Isolation and characterization of endophytic bacteria from wild and traditionally cultivated rice Varieties. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 46(3): 617–629.10.1080/00380768.2000.10409127
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Elboutahiri, N., Thami-Alami, I., Zaïd, E. and M.Udupa, S. 2009. Genotypic characterization of indigenous Sinorhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium sullae by rep-PCR, RAPD and ARDRA analyses. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8 (6): 979–985.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fang, Z.D., Xu, Z.G., Guo, C.J., Yin, S.Z., Wu, S.Z., Xu, X.M. and Zhang, Q. 1990. Studies on pathotypes of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae in China. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica, 20: 81–88.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Flores-Tena, F.J., Guerrero-Barrera, A.L., Avelar-González, F.J., Ramírez-López, E.M., and Martínez-Saldaña, M.C. 2007. Pathogenic and opportunistic gram-negative bacteria in soil, leachate and air in San Nicolás landfill at Aguascalientes, México. Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiología, 49: 25-30.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Gupta, A., Saxena, A. K., Gopal, M. and Tilak, K. V. B. R. 1998. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on competitive ability of introduced Bradyrhizobium sp. (Vigna) for nodulation. Microbiol Res, 153:113–117.10.1016/S0944-5013(98)80028-1
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hallmann, J., Quadt-Hallmann, A., Mahaffee, W.F. and Kleopper, W. 1997. Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 43: 895–914.10.1139/m97-131
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hossain, M.T., Khan, A., Chung, E.J., Harun-Or Rashid, Md. and Chung, Y.R. 2016. Biological Control of Rice Bakanae by an Endophytic Bacillus oryzicola YC7007. The Plant Pathology Journal, 32(3): 228–241.10.5423/PPJ.OA.10.2015.0218489281927298598
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
ISTA. 1993. Proceedings of the international Seed Testing Association, International Rules for Seed Testing. Seed Science and Technology, 21: 25–30.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jabeen, R., Iftikhar, T., Ashraf, M. and Ahmad, I. 2011. Virulence/aggressiveness testing of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryza isolates causes BLB disease in rice cultivars of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43(3): 1725-1728.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ji, S.H., Gururani, M.A. and Chun, S.Ch. 2014. Isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting endophytic diazotrophic bacteria from Korean rice cultivars. Microbiological Research, 169: 83–98.10.1016/j.micres.2013.06.003
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kaga, H., Mano, H., Tanaka, F., Watanabe, A., Kaneko, S. and Morisaki, H. 2009. Rice Seeds as Sources of Endophytic Bacteria. Microbes and Environments, 24(2): 154–162.10.1264/jsme2.ME0911321566368
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kang, S.H., Cho, H.S., Cheong, H., Ryu, C.M., Kim, J.F. and Park, S.H. 2007. Two bacterial endophytes eliciting both plant growth promotion and plant defense on Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 17(1): 96-103.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kauffman, H.E., Reddy, A.P.K., Hsieh, S.P.Y. and Merca, S.D. 1973. An improved technique for evaluating resistance of rice varieties to Xanthomonas oryzae. Plant Disease Reporter, 57: 537–541.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Khalifa, A.Y.Z., Alsyeeh, A.M., Almalki, M.A. and Saleh, F.A. 2016. Characterization of the plant growth promoting bacterium, Enterobacter cloacae MSR1, isolated from roots of non-nodulating Medicago sativa. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 23: 79–86.10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.06.008
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kumar, S., Stecher, G. and Tamura, K. 2016. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33: 1870–1874.10.1093/molbev/msw054
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lund, B.M. and Wyatt, G.M. 1972. The effect of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations on bacterial soft rot of potatoes. I. King Edward potatoes inoculated with Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica. Potato Research, 15: 174–179.10.1007/BF02355965
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mano, H., Tanaka, F., Watanabe, A., Kaga, H., Okunishi, S. and Morisaki, H. 2006. Culturable surface and endophytic bacterial flora of the maturing seeds of rice plants (Oryza sativa) cultivated in a paddy field. Microbes and Environments, 21: 86–100.10.1264/jsme2.21.86
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mano, H., Tanaka, F., Nakamura, C.H., Kaga, H. and Morisaki, H. 2007. Culturable endophytic bacterial flora of the maturing leaves and roots of rice plants (Oryza sativa) cultivated in a paddy field. Microbes and Environments, 22 (2): 175–185.10.1264/jsme2.22.175
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mano, H. and Morisaki, H. 2008. Endophytic Bacteria in the Rice Plant. Microbes and Environments, 23(2): 109–117.10.1264/jsme2.23.10921558696
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
McInroy, J.A. and Kloepper, J.W. 1995. Population dynamics of endophytic bacteria in field-grown sweet corn and cotton. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 41: 895–901.10.1139/m95-123
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Melnick, R.L., Zidack, N.K., Bailey, B.A., Maximova, S.N., Guiltinan, M., Backman, P.A. 2008. Bacterial endophytes: Bacillus spp. from annual crops as potential biological control agents of black pod rot of cacao. Biological Control, 46: 46–56. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.01.022.10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.01.022
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mishra, R.P., Singh, R.K., Jaiswal, H.K., Kumar, V. and Maurya, S. 2006. Rhizobium-mediated induction of phenolics and plant growth promotion in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Current Microbiology, 52 (5): 383-9.10.1007/s00284-005-0296-316586021
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Molina, L., Duque, E., Gómez, M.J., Krell, T., Lacal, J., García-Puente, A., García, V., Matilla, M.A., Ramos, J.L. and Segura, A. 2011. The pGRT1 plasmid of Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E encodes functions relevant for survival under harsh conditions in the environment. Environmental Microbiology, 13(8): 2315-27.10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02492.x
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Molina, L., Udaondo, Z., Duque, E., Fernández, M., Molina-Santiago, C., Roca, A., Porcel, M., de la Torre, J., Segura, A., Plesiat, P., Jeannot, K. and Ramos, J.L. 2014. Antibiotic resistance determinants in a Pseudomonas putida strain isolated from a hospital. PLoS ONE, 9(1): e81604. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081604.10.1371/journal.pone.0081604
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Moronta-Barrios, F., Gionechetti, F., Pallavicini, A., Marys, E. and Venturi, V. 2017. Isolation and studies on bacterial endophytes from two venezuelan rice cultivars. Preprints (www.preprints.org). doi:10.20944/preprints201709.0031.v110.20944/preprints201709.0031.v1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nhu, V.T.P. and Diep, C.N. 2014. Isolation, characterization and phylogenetic analysis of endophytic bacteria in rice plant cultivated on soil of Phu Yen province, Vietnam. American Journal of Life Sciences, 2(3): 117–127.10.11648/j.ajls.20140203.11
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Okunishi, S., Sako, K., Mano, H., Imamura, A. and Morisaki, H. 2005. Bacterial Flora of Endophytes in the Maturing Seed of Cultivated Rice (Oryza sativa). Microbes and Environments, 20(3): 168–177.10.1264/jsme2.20.168
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Oliveira, A.L.M., Canuto, E.L., Reis, V.M. and Baldani, J.I. 2003. Response of micropropagated sugarcane varieties to inoculation with endophytic diazotrophic bacteria. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 34: 59–61.10.1590/S1517-83822003000500020
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ou, S.H. 1985. Rice Diseases. 2^nd ed. Kew-Surrey-England: Common Wealth Mycological Institute, 380 p.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Palacio-Bielsa, A., Cambra, M.A. and López, M.M. 2009. PCR detection and identification of plantpathogenic bacteria: updated review of protocols (1989-2007). Journal of Plant Pathology, 91 (2): 249–297.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Peng, H., Chen, Z. H., Fang, Z. H., Zhou, J., Xi, Z. H., Gao, L., Chen, L., Li, L., Li, T., Zhai, W. and Zhang, W. 2015. Rice Xa21 primed genes and pathways that are critical for combating bacterial blight infection. Scientific Reports, 5: 12165. doi: 10.1038/srep12165.10.1038/srep12165
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Roberts, D. P., Short, N. M., Maloney, A. P., Nelson, E. B. and Schaff, D. A. 1994. Role of colonization in biocontrol: studies with Enterobacter cloacae. Plant Science, 101: 83–89.10.1016/0168-9452(94)90167-8
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Qiang, SH., Ming, L., Jingjing, G., Xianglin, Zh. and Chunzhu, Zh. 2017. Characterization of Pseudomonas fulva as a new pathogen of pepper leaf spot isolated from Xinjiang in China. Journal of Plant Protection, 2.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reinhold-Hurek, B. and Hurek, T. 2011. Living inside plants: bacterial endophytes. Curren Opinion in Plant Biology, 14: 435–443.10.1016/j.pbi.2011.04.004
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Reiter, B., Pfeifer, U., Schwab, H. and Sessitsch, A. 2002. Response of endophytic bacterial communities in potato plants to infection with Erwinia carotovora sub sp. atroseptica. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68: 2261–2268.10.1128/AEM.68.5.2261-2268.200212752911976096
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rodriguez, R.J., Henson, J., Van Volkenburgh, E., Hoy, M., Wright, L., Beckwith, F., Kim, Y.O. and Redman, R.S. 2008. Stress tolerance in plants via habitat-adapted symbiosis. The ISME Journal, 2(4): 404–16.10.1038/ismej.2007.10618256707
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rodriguez, R.J., White, J.F.Jr., Arnold, A.E., Redman, R.S. 2009. Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles. New Phytologist, 182 (2): 314-30.10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x19236579
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rosenblueth, M. and Martínez-Romero, E. 2006. Bacterial Endophytes and Their Interactions with Hosts. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 19 (8): 827–837.10.1094/MPMI-19-0827
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ryan, R.P., Germaine, K., Franks, A., Ryan, D.J. and Dowling, D.N. 2008. Bacterial endophytes: recent developments and applications. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 278 (1): 1-9.10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00918.x
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Santoyo, G., Moreno-Hagelsieb, G., Orozco-Mosqueda, M.C. and Glick, B.R. 2016. Plant growth-promoting bacterial endophytes. Microbiological Research, 183: 92–99.10.1016/j.micres.2015.11.008
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schaad, N.W., Jones, J. B. and Chun, W. 2001. Laboratory guide for identification of plant pathogenic bacteria. 3^rd ed. St Paul Minnesota-USA: APS, 245 p.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schulz, B. and Boyle, C. 2005. The endophytic continuum. Mycological Research, 109: 661-686.10.1017/S095375620500273X
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schulz, B., Boyle, C. 2006. What are endophytes? In: Schulz, B.J.E., Boyle, C.J.C., Sieber, T.N. (eds). Microbial Root Endophytes. Berlin, Germany, Springer, pp 1–13.10.1007/3-540-33526-9_1
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sessitsch, A., Reiter, B. and Berg, G. 2004. Endophytic bacterial communities of field-grown potato plants and their plant-growth-promoting and antagonistic abilities. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 53: 239–249.10.1139/w03-118
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sheoran, N., Nadakkakathb, A, V., Munjal, V., Kundu, A., Subaharand, K., Venugopal, V., Rajamma, S., Eapen., S. J. and Kumara, A. 2015. Genetic analysis of plant endophytic Pseudomonas putida BP25 and chemo-profiling of its antimicrobial volatile organic compounds. Microbiological Research, 173: 66–78.10.1016/j.micres.2015.02.001
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Shrestha, B.K., Karki, H.S., Groth, D.E., Jungkhun, N. and Ham, J.H. 2016. Biological control activities of rice-associated Bacillus sp. strains against sheath blight and bacterial panicle blight of rice. PLoS ONE, 11(1): e0146764. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146764.10.1371/journal.pone.0146764
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sturz, A.V., Christie, B.R., Matheson, B.G., and Nowak, J. 1997. Biodiversity of endophytic bacteria which colonize red clover nodules, roots, stems and foliage and their influence on host growth. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 25: 13-19.10.1007/s003740050273
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Sturz, A.V., Christie, B.R. and Nowak, J. 2000. Bacterial endophytes: potential role in developing sustainable system of crop production. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 19: 1–30.10.1016/S0735-2689(01)80001-0
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Szilagyi-Zecchin, V.J., Ikeda, A.C., Hungria, M., Adamoski, D., Kava-Cordeiro, V., Glienke, C.H. and Galli-Terasawa, L.V. 2014. Identification and characterization of endophytic bacteria from corn (Zea mays L.) roots with biotechnological potential in agriculture. AMB Express, 4: 26.10.1186/s13568-014-0026-y
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Taghavi, S., Van der Lelie, D., Hoffman, A., Zhang, Y-B., Walla, M.D., Vangronsveld, J., Newman, L. and Monchy, S. 2010. Genome Sequence of the Plant Growth Promoting Endophytic Bacterium Enterobacter sp. 638. PLoS Genetics, 6(5): e1000943. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000943.10.1371/journal.pgen.1000943286930920485560
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A. and Kumar, S. 2013. MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30: 2725-2729.10.1093/molbev/mst197
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Thomas, B.S., Okamoto, K., Bankowski, M.J. and Seto, T.B. 2013. A lethal case of Pseudomonas putida bacteremia due to soft tissue infection. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice, 21(3): 147-213.10.1097/IPC.0b013e318276956b367373023750097
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tsuda, K., Kosaka, Y., Tsuge, S., Kubo, Y. and Horino, O. 2001. Evaluation of the endophyte Enterobacter cloacae SM10 isolated from spinach roots for biological control against Fusarium wilt of spinach. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 67: 78-84.10.1007/PL00012993
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
van Peer, R., Punte, H.L.M., de Weger, L.A. and Schippers, B. 1990. Characterization of root surface and endorhizosphere pseudomonads in relation to their colonization of roots. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 56: 2462-2470.10.1128/aem.56.8.2462-2470.1990
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Verma, S.C., Ladha, J.K. and Tripathi, A.K. 2001. Evaluation of plant growth promoting and colonization ability of endophytic diazotrophs from deep water rice. Journal of Biotechnology, 91: 127–141.10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00333-9
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Witzel, K., Gwinn-Giglio, M., Nadendla, S., Shefchek, K. and Ruppel, S. 2012. Genome sequence of enterobacter radicincitans DSM16656T, a plant growth-promoting endophyte. Journal of Bacteriology, 194 (19): p. 5469.10.1128/JB.01193-12
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zhu, B., Chen, M., Lin, L., Yang, L., Li, Y. and An, Q. 2012. Genome sequence of Enterobacter sp. strain SP1, an endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from sugarcane. Journal of Bacteriology, 194 (24): p. 6963–6964.10.1128/JB.01933-12
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zou, L.F., Wang, X.P., Xiang, Y., Zhang, B., Li, Y.R., Xiao, Y.L., Wang, J.Sh., R. Walmsley, A. and Chen, G. You. 2006. Elucidation of the hrp clusters of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola that control the hypersensitive response in nonhost tobacco and pathogenicity in susceptible host rice. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72: 6212–6224.10.1128/AEM.00511-06156362116957248
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Yang, J.H., Liu, H.X., Zhu, G.M., Pan, Y.L., Xu, L.P. and Guo, J.H. 2008. Diversity analysis of antagonists from rice-associated bacteria and their application in biocontrol of rice diseases. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 104: 91–104.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Identification and determination of characteristics of endophytes from rice plants and their role in biocontrol of bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Abstract

Paradigm

My account