Fig. 1.
The five Lebanese Hima sites - Kherbet Qanafar, Ras El Matn, Ain Zebdeh, Ebel El Saqi, and Hammana
Fig. 2.
Percentage of trapped rodents in each studied area.
Fig. 3.
Percentage of trapped rodent species in different seasons.
Fig. 4.
Percentage of trapped rodent species in different areas.
Fig. 5.
Percentage of infection type found in the trapped rodents.
Fig. 6.
Percentage of collected endoparasites in the spring and fall seasons.
Table 1.
Percentage of captured rodents infected with specific helminth(s).
| Parasite species | Host (rodent) species | Percentage of infected individuals |
|---|---|---|
| Hymenolepis diminuta | Apodemus mystacinus | 14.3 |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | Apodemus mystacinus Apodemus flavicollis | 33.3 47.4 |
| Trichuris muris | Apodemus mystacinus Apodemus flavicollis | 7.7 21.0 |
| Aspiculuris tetraptera | Apodemus mystacinus Apodemus flavicollis Apodemus hermonensis Microtus guentheri | 5.9 15.8 12.5 14.3 |
| Heligmosomoides polygyrus | Apodemus mystacinus Apodemus flavicollis | 7.1 10.5 |
| Syphacia muris | Apodemus mystacinus | 4.2 |
| Syphacia obvelata | Apodemus mystacinus | 3.6 |
| Capillaria spp. | Apodemus mystacinus Apodemus flavicollis | 1.8 10.5 |
| Physaloptera spp. | Apodemus mystacinus | 0.6 |
Table 2.
Percentage of rodents infected with parasites species in spring and Fall seasons.
| Parasites | % of infected rodents | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Spring (N=136) | Fall (N=69) | Overall (N=205) | |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | 17.1 | 14.6 | 31.7 |
| Trichuris muris | 6.8 | 1 | 7.8 |
| Aspiculuris tetraptera | 4.4 | 2.9 | 7.3 |
| Heligmosomoides polygyrus | 3.4 | 3.4 | 6.8 |
| Syphacia muris | 1.5 | 2.4 | 3.9 |
| Syphacia obvelata | 2.4 | 1 | 3.4 |
| Capillaria spp. | 1.5 | 1 | 2.4 |
| Physaloptera spp. | 0.5 | 0 | 0.5 |
| Hymenolepis diminuta | 7.8 | 3.9 | 11.7 |
Table 3.
Impact of Season and Study site on rodent infection with specific internal parasites.
| Parasites | Factor | B | S.E. | Wald | df | Sig. | Exp(B) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ascaris lumbricoides | Spring | -0.665 | 0.340 | 3.821 | 1 | 0.051 | 0.514 |
| Site | 21.834 | 4 | 0 | ||||
| Hammana | 0.767 | 1.290 | 0.354 | 1 | 0.552 | 2.154 | |
| Ras El Matn | 0.183 | 1.275 | 0.021 | 1 | 0.886 | 1.201 | |
| Kherbet Qanafar | 1.820 | 1.082 | 2.829 | 1 | 0.093 | 6.174 | |
| Ain Zebdeh | 2.669 | 1.062 | 6.315 | 1 | 0.012 | 14.420 | |
| Constant | -2.287 | 1.050 | 4.741 | 1 | 0.029 | 0.102 | |
| Trichuris muris | Spring | 1.424 | 0.768 | 3.437 | 1 | 0.064 | 4.153 |
| Constant | -3.512 | 0.718 | 23.947 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.030 | |
| Syphacia muris | Spring | -1.655 | 0.850 | 3.789 | 1 | 0.052 | 0.191 |
| Constant | -2.549 | 0.464 | 30.143 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.078 | |
| Hymenolepis diminuta | Site | 12.025 | 4 | 0.017 | |||
| Hammana | 19.881 | 1.038E4 | 0 | 1 | 0.998 | 4.308E8 | |
| Ras El Matn | 20.456 | 1.038E4 | 0 | 1 | 0.998 | 7.652E8 | |
| Kherbet Qanafar | 19.721 | 1.038E4 | 0 | 1 | 0.998 | 3.672E8 | |
| Ain Zebdeh | 16.726 | 1.038E4 | 0 | 1 | 0.999 | 1.836E7 | |
| Constant | -21.203 | 1.038E4 | 0 | 1 | 0.998 | 0 |
Fig. 7.
Intestinal helminths under stereoscope: (A) Hymenolepis diminuta, (B) Male Ascaris lumbricoides, (C) Female Trichuris muris, (D) Male Trichuris muris, (E) Male Heligmosomoides polygyrus, (F) Female Heligmosomoides polygyrus, (G) Capillaria spp, (H) Physaloptera spp., (I) Physaloptera spp. head.
Fig. 8.
Intestinal helminths under the microscope (magnification 40 x): (A) Aspiculuris tetraptera, (B) Female Syphacia muris, (C) Male Syphacia muris, (D) Female Syphacia obvelata, (E) Male Syphacia obvelata.