In vivo anthelmintic potentials of Gongronema latifolium and Picralima nitida against gastrointestinal parasite (Heligmosomoides bakeri)

	No.Dead/No.Alive		Clinicalsigns
Dose(mg/kg)	*G.latifolium*	*P.nitida*	*G.latifolium*	*P.nitida*
10	0/3	0/3	Noobservablesign	Noobservablesign
100	0/3	0/3	,,	,,
1000	0/3	0/3	,,	,,
1600	0/3	0/3	,,	,,
2900	0/3	0/3	,,	,,
5000	0/3	0/3	,,	,,

Table 2.

Phytochemicals, proximate composition and mineral contents of G. latifolium (roots) and P. nitida (seeds).

	*G. latifolium*	*P. nitida*	p-value
Phytochemicals (mg/100g)
Saponin	579.67 ± 0.88	115.00 ± 0.58	0.00
Alkaloid	396.67 ± 0.88	290.33 ± 0.89	0.00
Tannin	2.00 ± 0.12	2.90 ± 0.12	0.01
Flavonoid	3.27 ± 0.08	5.33 ± 0.07	0.00
Total Polyphenol	138.67 ± 0.89	217.00 ± 0.57	0.00
Proximate composition (%)
Crude protein	10.50 ± 0.00	14.43 ± 0.22	0.00
Ash	11.70 ± 0.35	3.37 ± 0.33	0.00
Crude fat	2.22 ± 0.52	3.36 ± 0.33	0.14
Carbohydrate	41.90 ± 0.02	29.70 ± 0.01	0.00
Moisture	7.05 ± 0.03	8.61 ± 0.00	0.00
Mineral content (mg/kg)
Calcium	48843.33 ± 83.33	473.33 ± 23.33	0.00
Magnesium	11846.67 ± 43.33	1543.33 ± 28.40	0.01
Zinc	127.13 ± 0.00	82.56 ± 0.00	0.00
Copper	35.19 ± 0.00	25.91 ± 0.01	0.00
Iron	2173.91 ± 0.01	445.44 ± 0.22	0.00
Manganese	423.0 ± 0.58	72.25 ± 0.32	0.00
Potassium	19891.0 ± 0.58	22217.59 ± 3.13	0.00
Phosphorus	217.02 ± 0.58	598.19 ± 0.95	0.00

Egg per gram of faeces of *H. bakeri* in infected mice treated with (A) extract of *G. latifolium* at 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight (B) *P. nitida* at 300 and 500 mg/kg body weight.

Table 3.

Daily chemosuppression (%) of H. bakeri infection in mice administered single extract of G. latifolium, P. nitida and albendazole.

Values presented are mean from three mice in a group.

Days
	During treatment					Post treatment
Treatments	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
300mg/kg GL	17.38	19.22	23.76	24.70	33.66	36.05	39.13	43.54	42.87	41.14	40.88
500mg/kg GL	40.00	44.39	53.57	56.23	56.73	60.52	63.12	64.11	65.03	65.82	63.84
300mg/kg PN	47.24	67.00	70.65	72.01	76.96	77.65	81.00	81.81	83.41	84.17	84.91
500mg/kg PN	54.17	70.71	77.48	77.64	88.73	89.23	90.50	90.75	91.46	91.77	92.45
Albendazole	27.07	56.47	72.98	73.29	73.69	86.79	90.01	90.91	91.62	92.41	92.61

Table 4.

Worm burden of infected mice treated with extract of G. latifolium, P. nitida and albendazole

Values were expressed as mean ± standard error of means. Columns with values bearing the same superscript are not significantly different (p<0.05).

Mean values presented were from three mice in a group.

Treatment	Worm burden	Deparasitization (%)
300mg/kg GL	57.50 ± 0.50^c	21.23
500mg/kg GL	40.75 ± 1.11^b	44.17
300mg/kg PN	20.00 ± 2.08^a	72.60
500mg/kg PN	16.67 ± 0.33^a	77.16
Albendazole	19.33 ± 0.67^a	73.52
Untreated	73.00 ± 1.15^d

Table 5.

Biochemical parameters of H. bakeri infected mice treated with extracts of G. latifolium and P. nitida

Rows with values bearing the same superscript are not significantly different (p>0.05).

Values were expressed as mean ± standard error of means. Mean values presented were from three mice in a group.

Parameter	300mg/kg GL	500mg/kg GL	300mg/kg PN	500mg/kg PN	Albendazole	Untreated	Uninfected untreated
Glucose (mg/dl)	117.61 ± 4.71^d	123.21 ± 4.46^d	75.45 ± 2.94^a	88.63 ± 3.86^b	81.50 ± 1.21^ab	100.28 ± 2.61^c	122.00 ± 1.53^d
Cholesterol (mg/dl)	80.17 ± 1.80^bc	81.53 ± 4.50^bc	68.90 ± 4.04^b	89.29 ± 5.31^c	78.30 ± 5.29^bc	82.37 ± 8.76^bc	40.67 ± 0.67^a
T. Protein (g/dl)	3.77 ± 0.27^ab	6.53 ± 1.42^bc	2.11 ± 0.38^a	3.62 ± 0.38^ab	4.61 ± 1.07^ab	6.49 ± 1.38^bc	8.27 ± 0.27^c
Albumin (g/dl)	2.21 ± 0.09^ab	2.55 ± 0.45^ab	1.37 ± 0.51^a	1.96 ± 0.15^ab	2.78 ± 0.44^ab	2.49 ± 0.31^ab	3.27 ± 0.07^b
Triglyceride (mg/dl)	83.68 ± 5.67^b	122.32 ± 6.58^e	116.30 ± 5.67^de	119.62 ± 3.92^de	103.21 ± 7.12^cd	98.35 ± 4.72^bc	24.67 ± 0.67^a
HDL (mg/dl)	52.39 ± 0.06^c	41.51 ± 1.88^b	33.94 ± 1.33^b	50.43 ± 4.82^c	32.68 ± 4.37^b	38.22 ± 3.40^b	10.33 ± 0.33^a
LDL (mg/dl)	11.05 ± 0.71^a	15.55 ± 1.30^a	11.70 ± 1.58^a	14.94 ± 1.27^a	24.87 ± 0.48^b	24.48 ± 6.30^b	25.40 ± 0.20^b

Micrographs of Intestinal segments of (A) untreated mice with severe villi atrophy and intra-luminal parasite (black arrow). (B) mice treated with 500mg/kg *G. latifolium* showing moderate villi atrophy (black arrow) and cryptal hyperplasia (blue arrow). (C) mice treated with 500mg/kg *P. nitida* showing moderate villi (black arrows) atrophy (D) positive control showing cryptal hyperplasia (blue arrow) HE x400.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2023-0033 | Journal eISSN: 1336-9083 | Journal ISSN: 0440-6605

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Language: English

Page range: 336 - 347

Submitted on: Oct 25, 2022

Accepted on: Sep 21, 2023

Published on: Dec 31, 2023

Published by: Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: Volume open

Keywords:

Picralima nitida,

Gongronema latifolium,

H. bakeri,

anthelmintic activity

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Zoology,

Ecology,

Life sciences, other,

Medicine,

Clinical medicine,

Microbiology, virology and infection epidemiology

© 2023 F. T. Ojo, O. A. Idowu, K. O. Ademolu, J. O. Olukunle, published by Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 60 (2023): Issue 4 (December 2023)

In vivo anthelmintic potentials of Gongronema latifolium and Picralima nitida against gastrointestinal parasite (Heligmosomoides bakeri)

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Table 2.

Fig. 1.

Table 3.

Table 4.

Table 5.

Fig. 2.

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