Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) associated with Monochamus galloprovincialis from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Georgia

V. Čermák; B. Nježić; N. Nazarashvili; E. Gvritishvili; K. Tománková; H. Orságová; M. Majeská; J. Foit; P. Vieira

doi:10.2478/helm-2023-0029

Figures & Tables

Light micrograph of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus. A: Female entire body; B: Male entire body; C: Lateral field with four incisures; D: Female anterior region; E, F: Vulva; G, H: Dauer larvae anterior part; I, J: Dauer larvae tail tip; K: Female tail tip; L: Mail tail; A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, K, L: Georgian population; H, J: BiH population; A, B – 100 µm; C-L – 10 µm.

Phylogenetic tree resulting from alignment of 28S rRNA gene sequences.The tree was inferred by Maximum Likelihood method under the GTR + G + I model. Bootstrap values were obtained from 100 replicate. Values higher than 50% are presented. OK523378 and OK523379 are the original sequences.

Morphometric comparison between the populations of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus from BiH and Georgia with the type population of B_ mucronatus (Mamiya & Enda, 1979) from Japan_ All measurements are in μm and in the form: mean ± s_d_ (range)_

	Dauers Georgian population	♀♀ Georgian population	♂♂ Georgian population	Dauers BiH population	Dauers Mamiya & Enda 1979	♀♀ Mamiya & Enda 1979	♂♂ Mamiya & Enda 1979
n	5	25	12	5	30	40	35
L	597.5±19.8 (570–620)	866.4± 77.0 (738–1018)	675.3 ± 19.7 (652.5–723.0)	589 ± 23.7 (558–620)	590 (500–650)	870 (700–980)	790 (640–970)
a	43.2±2.3 (39.5–45.6)	40.9 ± 2.6 (35.0–45.7)	42.6 ± 3.9 (35.8–50.4)	41.7 ± 3.6 (35.8–45.0)	39.8 (35.1–45.8)	41.8 (36.5–45.9)	44.0 (38.8–51.1)
b	9.5^*	11.0 ± 1.2 (8.0–13.3)	9.1 ± 0.4 (8.4–9.9)	9.3^*	8.9 (7.9–9.6)	12.6 (9.6–15.6)	11.4 (9.0–14.7)
c	20.7±1.40 (18.3–21.7)	27.1 ± 2.8 (23.3–30.1)	20.0 ± 1.1 (18.6–22.1)	19.4 ± 1.3 (18.0–21.1)	21.2 (19.7–24.4)	26.2 (19.6–30.4)	29.1 (25.7–35.6)
c′	3.6±0.3 (3.3–4.0)	2.9 ± 0.2 (2.5–3.3)	2.4 ± 0.1 (2.1–2.5)	3.5 ± 0.2 (3.0–3.7)
V [%]	-	74.1 ± 2.0 (67.0–76.9)	-	-		75 (73–77)
Stylet length	8.5^*	13.3 ± 1.2 (10.2–15.1)	13.6 ± 0.6 (12.8–14.6)	8.8^*		15.8 (14–16)	15.0 (14–16)
Excretory pore position¹⁾	54.9±4.5 (49–58.1)	83.7 ± 3.6 (73.6–89.5)	76.7 ± 4.2 (70.5–84.9)	63,3±7,2 (54.0–74.4)
Pharynx length	59.6^*	77.9 ± 4.2 (72.3–91.4)	74.9 ± 3.0 (69.2–80.8)	58.9^*
MB²⁾	59.9±4.9 (54.7–67.9)	66.6 ± 3.7 (62.6–78.3)	64.9± 2.5 (61.5–69.5)	58.0 ± 5.7 (50.7–67.0)
Hemizonid position¹⁾	-	95.8± 5.2 (76.0–101.8)	91.0 ± 2.5 (86.9–94.9)	-
Anal/cloacal body diameter	8.1±0.2 (7.9–8.4)	11.1± 0.7 (10.1–12.2)	14.0 ± 0.7 (12.7–14.8)	8.2 ± 0.3 (7.8–8.5)
Tail length	29.1±2.8 (27.0–33.9)	32.0± 2.2 (26.0–36.9)	33.9 ± 1.9 (30.4–36.9)	28.3 ± 2.55 (27.0–33.9)
Post-uterine sac length	-	156.5 ± 17.9 (125.0–195.6)	-	-
Spicule length (curved median line)	-	-	31.2 ± 1.5 (28.5–33.6)	-			26.0 (23–29)

Virtual ITS-RFLP patterns of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus from BiH and Georgia_

		BiH population, OK523378					Georgian population, OK523379

	ITS-PCR product	RsaI	HaeIII	MspI	HinfI	AluI	RsaI	HaeIII	MspI	HinfI	AluI
Fragment sizes (~bp)	884^*	490	623	355	411	678	412	623	355	411	678
		412	196	304	232	246	264	196	304	232	246
		22	105	265	120		226	105	265	120
					87		22			87
					49					49
					25					25

List of Bursaphelenchus species described from Georgia_

No.	status	Species	Insect vector	Associated plant/note	Group^*	Reference
1	valid	B. chitwoodi Rühm, 1956	Hylastes ater (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)	Pinus sp. (Pinales: Pinaceae), exact pine species is not mentioned in the text	Hofmanni group	Kakulia & Shalibashvili, 1976a
1	valid	B. chitwoodi Rühm, 1956	Hylastes ater (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)	Pinus sosnowskyi Nakai, Pinus pityosa Steven (Pinales: Pinaceae)	Hofmanni group	Kakulia, Shalibashvili, Gorgadze, 1983
2	valid	B. crenati Rühm, 1956	Hylesinus crenatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)	Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleales: Oleaceae)	Xylophilus group	Kurashvili et al., 1980
3	valid	B. eggersi Rühm, 1956	Hylurgops palliatus (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)	Picea orientalis (L.) (Pinales:Pinaceae); Abies sp., Larix sp.; Picea orientalis (L.), Pinus cedrus L. (Pinales: Pinaceae)	Eggersi group	Kakulia & Maglakelidze, 1973
3	valid	B. eggersi Rühm, 1956	Hylurgops palliatus (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)		Eggersi group	Kurashvili et al., 1980
4	valid	B. eidmanni Rühm, 1956	Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)	Abies sp., Larix sp., Picea orientalis (L.), Pinus cedrus L., P. sosnowskyi Nakai (Pinales: Pinaceae)	Eidemani group	Kakulia, 1971
4	valid	B. eidmanni Rühm, 1956	Georgia Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)		Eidemani group	Kakulia & Devdariani, 1975^** Kurashvili et al., 1980
5	valid	B. eremus Rühm, 1956	Scolytus intricatus (Ratzeburg) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)	Populus gracilis Grossh., Salix sp. (Salicales: Salicaceae), Castanea vulgaris Hance, Quercus iberica Steven ex Bieb., Q. pedunculata Ehrh., Q. sessiliflora Salisb. (Fagales: Fagaceae), Ulmus foliacea Gilib. (Urticales: Ulmaceae)	Eremus group	Kurashvili et al., 1980
6	valid	B. ernoporus Devdariani, 1975	Ernoporicus fagi (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scolitidae)	Fagus sp. (Fagales: Fagaceae), Carpinus sp. (Fagales: Betulaceae)	Insufficient description: not considered for Grouping	Kakulia & Devdariani, 1975^** Mikaia et al., 2010
6	valid	B. ernoporus Devdariani, 1975	Ernoporicus fagi (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scolitidae)		Insufficient description: not considered for Grouping	Hunt, 1993 (nomen nudum) Ryss et al., 2005 (nomen nudum)
7	valid	B. erosus Kurashvili et al., 1980	Orthotomicus erosus (Woll.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)	Abies sp., Picea orientalis (L.), Pinus sosnowskyi Nakai (Pinales: Pinaceae) Pinus pityusa Steven	Eidemani group	Kurashvili et al., 1980
7	valid	B. erosus Kurashvili et al., 1980	Orthotomicus erosus (Woll.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)		Eidemani group	Kakulia, Shalibashvili, Gorgadze, 1983
8	valid	B. eucarpus Rühm, 1956	Scolytus mali (Bechstein & Scharfenberg) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)	Malus domestica Borkh., Prunus sp., Sorbus sp. (Rosales: Rosaceae), Ulmaceae gen. sp. (Urticales)	Sexdentati group	Kakulia & Devdariani, 1975^**
8	valid	B. eucarpus Rühm, 1956			Sexdentati group	Kurashvili et al., 1980
9	valid	B. fraudulentus Rühm, 1956	Saperda carcharias(L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)	-	Xylophilus group	Kakulia & Devdariani, 1975^**
9	valid	B. fraudulentus Rühm, 1956	Saperda carcharias(L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)	-	Xylophilus group	Kurashvili et al., 1980
10	valid	B. georgicus Devdariani et al., 1980	Rhopalopus macropus Germar (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)	Quercus iberica Schur. (Fagales: Fagaceae)	Insufficient description: not considered for grouping	Devdariani et al., 1980
						Kakulia, 1989
						Hunt, 1993 (nomen nudum)
						Ryss et al., 2005
11	valid	B. idius Rühm, 1956	Pityogenes chalcographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)	Pinus sp. (Pinales: Pinaceae), Carpinus caucasica Grossh. (Betulales: Betulaceae), Juglans sp. (Juglandales: Juglandaceae), Populus tremula L. (Salicales: Salicaceae), Quercus iberica Steven ex Bieb. (Fagales: Fagaceae)	Six-incisure ungrouped species	Kakulia & Devdariani, 1975^**
11	valid	B. idius Rühm, 1956	Pityogenes chalcographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)		Six-incisure ungrouped species	Kurashvili et al., 1980
12	valid	B. incurvus Rühm, 1956	Dendroctonus micans (Kugel.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)	Abies sp., Picea orientalis (L.), Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinales: Pinaceae)	Sexdentati group	Kurashvili et al., 1980
13	valid	B. mucronatus Mamiya & Enda, 1979	Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)	Pinus sylvestris (L.) (Pinales: Pinaceae)	Xylophilus group	This article
14	valid	B. nuesslini Rühm, 1956	Pityokeines curvidens (Germar) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)	Not mentioned in the text.	Piniperdae group	Kakulia & Shalibashvili, 1976b
15	valid	B. piniperdae Fuchs, 1937	Blastophagus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)	Pinus sosnowskyi Nakai, Pinus pityosa Steven (Pinales: Pinaceae)	Piniperdae group	Kakulia, Devdariani, 1965
						Kakulia, 1967
						Kurashvili et al., 1980
						Kakulia, Shalibashvili, Gorgadze, 1983
16	valid	B. populneus Devdariani, 1937	Saperda populnea L. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)	Populus sp.	Insufficient description: not considered for grouping	Devdariani, 1973^*
						Mikaia et al., 2010
						Hunt, 1993 (nomen nudum)
						Ryss et al., 2005 (nomen nudum)
17	valid	B. ratzerburgii Rühm, 1956	Scolytus ratzeburgii Janson (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)	Betula sp. (Betulales: Betulaceae)	Hofmanni group	Kurashvili et al., 1980
18	valid	B. scalari Kakulia, 1989	Saperda scalaris L. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)	Alnus glutinosa L.	Insufficient description: not considered for grouping	Kakulia, 1989
19	valid	B. sexdentati Rühm, 1960	Ips sexdentatus (Boerner) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)	Picea orientalis (L.), Pinus sosnowskyi Nakai, Pinus pityosa Steven (Pinales: Pinaceae)	Sexdentati gropu	Kakulia & Devdariani, 1975^**
						Kurashvili et al., 1980
						Kakulia, Shalibashvili, Gorgadze, 1983
20	valid	B. sutoricus Devdariani, 1974	Monochamus sutor (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)	Pinus sp. (Pinales: Pinaceae)	Sexdentati group	Devdariani, 1974
21	valid	B. tbilisiensis Kakulia, 1989	Saperda carcharias L. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)	Not mentioned in the text.	Insufficient description: not considered for grouping	Kakulia, 1989
						Hunt, 1993 (nomen nudum)
						Ryss et al., 2005 (nomen nudum)
22	valid	B. wekuae Kakulia et al., 1978	Trypophloeus sp. (erroneously named as Trypodendron sygnatum) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)	Carpinus caucasica Grossh. (Betulales: Betulaceae), Fagus orientalis Lipsky. (Fagales: Fagaceae)	Insufficient description: not considered for Grouping	Kakulia et al., 1978^**
						Kurashvili et al., 1980
						Kakulia, 1989
						Hunt, 1993 (nomen nudum)
						Ryss et al., 2005
23	valid	B. xerocarterus Rühm, 1956	Scolytus scolytus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Scolytus scolytus (Fabricius), S. multistriatus (Marsh.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)	Ulmus foliacea Gilib., Zelkova sp. (Urticales: Ulmaceae), Carpinus caucasica Grossh. (Betulales: Betulaceae), Juglans sp. (Juglandales: Juglandaceae), Populus nigra L. (Salicales: Salicaceae)	Hofmanni/Abietinus group	Kakulia & Devdariani, 1967
						Kakulia & Devdariani, 1975^**
						Kurashvili et al., 1980
						Ryss et al., 2005
24	species inquirendae vel incertae sedis	B. conurus (Steiner, 1932)	-	-	-	Kakulia, 1989
						Hunt, 1993
						Ryss et al., 2005
25	species inquirendae vel incertae sedis	B. conjuctus	-	-	-	Kakulia, 1989
						Hunt, 1993
						Ryss et al., 2005
26	species inquirendae vel incertae sedis	B. rüehmi	-	-	-	Kakulia, 1989
						Hunt, 1993
						Ryss et al., 2005
27	nomen nudum	B. hylesini	-	-	-	Devdariani, 1975^**
						Kurashvili et al., 1980
						This article (Nomina Nuda)
28	Transfer to other genus	B. lignophilus (Körner, 1954)	-	Laimaphelenchus lignophilus (Körner, 1954)	-	Kakulia, 1989
28	Transfer to other genus	Meyl, 1961	-	Goodey, 1960	-	Ryss et al., 2005
29	Transfer to other genus	B. teratospicularis Kakulia & Devdariani, 1965	-	Devibursaphelenchus teratospicularis	-	Kakulia & Devdariani, 1965
						Kakulia, 1989
						Ryss et al., 2005
						Braasch, 2009
30	Transfer to other genus	B. typographi Kakulia, 1967	-	Devibursaphelenchus typographi	-	Kakulia, 1967
						Kakulia, 1989
						Ryss et al., 2005
						Braasch, 2009

Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) associated with Monochamus galloprovincialis from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Georgia

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Morphometric comparison between the populations of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus from BiH and Georgia with the type population of B_ mucronatus (Mamiya & Enda, 1979) from Japan_ All measurements are in μm and in the form: mean ± s_d_ (range)_

Virtual ITS-RFLP patterns of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus from BiH and Georgia_

List of Bursaphelenchus species described from Georgia_

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