Fig. 1.
Prevalence of IPIs among pregnant women attending referral hospitals Taiz_ Yemen from July 2022 – to January 2023_
| Parasite species | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Giardia lamblia | 48 (12.2) |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | 43 (10.9) |
| Entamoeba histolytica/dispar | 29 (7.4) |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 17 (4.3) |
| Hymenolepis nana | 7 (1.8) |
| Total | 144 |
Univariate and multivariable analysis of sociodemographic and other potential risk factors associated with IPIs among pregnant women in referral hospitals, Taiz_ Yemen from July 2022 – to January 2023 (n = 393)_
| Variables | classification | COR (95% CL) | P value | AOR (95% CL) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Years) | ≤ 25 | 0.98 (0.7 – 1.5) | 0.925 | 0.98 (0.7 – 1.5) | 0.925 |
| > 25 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Residence | Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 1.5(0.97 – 2.2) | 0.070 | 1.5(0.97 – 2.2) | 0.070 | |
| Education | Illiterate (Can’t read or write) | 0.8(0.5 – 1.4) | 0.482 | 0.8(0.5 – 1.4) | 0.482 |
| Primary school and above | 1 | 1 | |||
| Occupation | Students | 1.7 (0.79 – 3.6) | 0.175 | 1.7 (0.78 – 3.64) | 0.177 |
| Housewife | 1.9 (0.92 – 3.78) | 0.084 | 1.7 (0.81 – 3.43) | 0.164 | |
| Farmer | 3.2 (1.50 – 6.66) | 0.001 | 2.7 (1.69 – 4.26) | 0.003* | |
| Government employee | 1 | 1 | |||
| Gravidity | Primigravidae | 1.5 (1.0 – 2.4) | 0.042 | 1.0 (0.64 – 1.7) | 0.916 |
| Multigravida | 1 | 1 | |||
| Gestation period | 1st trimester | 1.4 (0.84 – 2.30) | 0.195 | 1.3 (0.73 – 2.19) | 0.405 |
| 2nd trimester | 1.91 (1.15 – 3.17) | 0.013 | 0.6 (0.38 – 1.10) | 0.100 | |
| 3rd trimester | 1 | 1 | |||
| Source of drinking water | Unsafe (wells, streams, rain, dams) | 2.7 (1.7 – 4.2) | 0.001 | 2.6 (1.68 – 4.25) | 0.001* |
| Safe (tap water) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Eating raw vegetables | Yes | 0.9(0.62 – 1.42) | 0.785 | 0.9(0.62 – 1.42) | 0.785 |
| No | 1 | 1 | |||
| Hand washing before meal | No | 1.5 (0.96 – 2.18) | 0.079 | 1.5 (0.96 – 2.18) | 0.079 |
| Yes | 1 | 1 | |||
| Availability of toilet | No | 0.72 (0.46 – 1.12) | 0.140 | 0.72 (0.46 – 1.12) | 0.140 |
| Yes | 1 | 1 | |||
| Hand washing after toilet | No | 1.36(0.89 – 2.08) | 0.158 | 1.36(0.89 – 2.08) | 0.158 |
| Yes | 1 | 1 | |||
| Soil eating habit | Yes | 1.5 (0.96 – 2.27) | 0.076 | 1.476 (0.96 – 2.271) | 0.076 |
| No | 1 | 1 | |||
| Wearing shoes | No | 1.4 (0.90 – 2.15) | 0.133 | 1.392 (0.90 – 2.15) | 0.133 |
| Yes | 1 | 1 |
Sociodemographic characteristics and obstetric characteristics of pregnant women with respective to IPs in referral hospitals, Taiz_ Yemen from July 2022 – to January 2023(n = 393)_
| Variables | Category | Total N (%) | Negative N (%) | Positive N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ≤ 25 | 195 (49.6) | 124 (63.6) | 71(36.4) |
| > 25 | 198 (50.4) | 125 (63.1) | 73 (36.9) | |
| Residence | Urban | 157(39.9) | 91(58) | 66 (42) |
| Rural | 236 (60.1) | 158(66.9) | 78(33.1) | |
| Education | Illiterate (Can’t read or write) | 98(24.9) | 33(33.7) | 65(66.3) |
| Primary school and above | 295(75.1) | 111(37.6) | 184(62.4) | |
| Occupation | Students | 98(24.9) | 65(66.3) | 33(33.7) |
| Housewife | 147(37.4) | 94(63.9) | 53(36.1) | |
| Farmer | 92(23.4) | 47(51.1) | 45(48.9) | |
| Government employee | 56(14.2) | 43(76.8) | 13(23.2) | |
| Gravidity | Primigravidae | 149 (37.9) | 85 (57) | 64 (43) |
| Multigravida | 244 (62.1) | 164 (67.2) | 80 (32.8) | |
| Gestation period | 1st trimester | 106 (27) | 56(52.8) | 50 (47.2) |
| 2nd trimester | 131 (33.3) | 98(74.8) | 33 (25.2) | |
| 3rd trimester | 156 (39.7) | 95(60.9) | 61 (39.1) |