Fig. 1.
A geographic map showing the study area in Taiz governorate.
Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics and obstetric characteristics of pregnant women with respective to IPs in referral hospitals, Taiz. Yemen from July 2022 – to January 2023(n = 393).
| Variables | Category | Total N (%) | Negative N (%) | Positive N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ≤ 25 | 195 (49.6) | 124 (63.6) | 71(36.4) |
| > 25 | 198 (50.4) | 125 (63.1) | 73 (36.9) | |
| Residence | Urban | 157(39.9) | 91(58) | 66 (42) |
| Rural | 236 (60.1) | 158(66.9) | 78(33.1) | |
| Education | Illiterate (Can’t read or write) | 98(24.9) | 33(33.7) | 65(66.3) |
| Primary school and above | 295(75.1) | 111(37.6) | 184(62.4) | |
| Occupation | Students | 98(24.9) | 65(66.3) | 33(33.7) |
| Housewife | 147(37.4) | 94(63.9) | 53(36.1) | |
| Farmer | 92(23.4) | 47(51.1) | 45(48.9) | |
| Government employee | 56(14.2) | 43(76.8) | 13(23.2) | |
| Gravidity | Primigravidae | 149 (37.9) | 85 (57) | 64 (43) |
| Multigravida | 244 (62.1) | 164 (67.2) | 80 (32.8) | |
| Gestation period | 1st trimester | 106 (27) | 56(52.8) | 50 (47.2) |
| 2nd trimester | 131 (33.3) | 98(74.8) | 33 (25.2) | |
| 3rd trimester | 156 (39.7) | 95(60.9) | 61 (39.1) |
Table 2.
Prevalence of IPIs among pregnant women attending referral hospitals Taiz. Yemen from July 2022 – to January 2023.
| Parasite species | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Giardia lamblia | 48 (12.2) |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | 43 (10.9) |
| Entamoeba histolytica/dispar | 29 (7.4) |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 17 (4.3) |
| Hymenolepis nana | 7 (1.8) |
| Total | 144 |
Table 3.
Univariate and multivariable analysis of sociodemographic and other potential risk factors associated with IPIs among pregnant women in referral hospitals, Taiz. Yemen from July 2022 – to January 2023 (n = 393).
| Variables | classification | COR (95% CL) | P value | AOR (95% CL) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Years) | ≤ 25 | 0.98 (0.7 – 1.5) | 0.925 | 0.98 (0.7 – 1.5) | 0.925 |
| > 25 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Residence | Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 1.5(0.97 – 2.2) | 0.070 | 1.5(0.97 – 2.2) | 0.070 | |
| Education | Illiterate (Can’t read or write) | 0.8(0.5 – 1.4) | 0.482 | 0.8(0.5 – 1.4) | 0.482 |
| Primary school and above | 1 | 1 | |||
| Occupation | Students | 1.7 (0.79 – 3.6) | 0.175 | 1.7 (0.78 – 3.64) | 0.177 |
| Housewife | 1.9 (0.92 – 3.78) | 0.084 | 1.7 (0.81 – 3.43) | 0.164 | |
| Farmer | 3.2 (1.50 – 6.66) | 0.001 | 2.7 (1.69 – 4.26) | 0.003* | |
| Government employee | 1 | 1 | |||
| Gravidity | Primigravidae | 1.5 (1.0 – 2.4) | 0.042 | 1.0 (0.64 – 1.7) | 0.916 |
| Multigravida | 1 | 1 | |||
| Gestation period | 1st trimester | 1.4 (0.84 – 2.30) | 0.195 | 1.3 (0.73 – 2.19) | 0.405 |
| 2nd trimester | 1.91 (1.15 – 3.17) | 0.013 | 0.6 (0.38 – 1.10) | 0.100 | |
| 3rd trimester | 1 | 1 | |||
| Source of drinking water | Unsafe (wells, streams, rain, dams) | 2.7 (1.7 – 4.2) | 0.001 | 2.6 (1.68 – 4.25) | 0.001* |
| Safe (tap water) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Eating raw vegetables | Yes | 0.9(0.62 – 1.42) | 0.785 | 0.9(0.62 – 1.42) | 0.785 |
| No | 1 | 1 | |||
| Hand washing before meal | No | 1.5 (0.96 – 2.18) | 0.079 | 1.5 (0.96 – 2.18) | 0.079 |
| Yes | 1 | 1 | |||
| Availability of toilet | No | 0.72 (0.46 – 1.12) | 0.140 | 0.72 (0.46 – 1.12) | 0.140 |
| Yes | 1 | 1 | |||
| Hand washing after toilet | No | 1.36(0.89 – 2.08) | 0.158 | 1.36(0.89 – 2.08) | 0.158 |
| Yes | 1 | 1 | |||
| Soil eating habit | Yes | 1.5 (0.96 – 2.27) | 0.076 | 1.476 (0.96 – 2.271) | 0.076 |
| No | 1 | 1 | |||
| Wearing shoes | No | 1.4 (0.90 – 2.15) | 0.133 | 1.392 (0.90 – 2.15) | 0.133 |
| Yes | 1 | 1 |
[i] COR: Crude Odds Ratio; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; CL: confidence interval