Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig 3.
Odds ratio of the study variables that affect the presence of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica and rumen fluke) in cattle in a hot humid climate_
| Risk factor | B | Standard error | Wald | Odds ratio | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constant | −3.9 | 0.8 | 22.45 | ||
| Type of sample | |||||
| Fluke | Baseline | 1.00 | |||
| Eggs in faeces | 1.19 | 0.49 | 6.0 | 3.3* | 1.27–8.53 |
| Physiographic zone | |||||
| Hillocks | Baseline | 1.00 | |||
| Flood-prone areas | 2.48 | 0.37 | 44.7 | 11.98** | 5.78–24.82 |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | Baseline | 1.00 | |||
| Male | −0.35 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0.71ns | 0.27–1.83 |
| Age | |||||
| Old cows (> 7y) | Baseline | 1.00 | |||
| Steers >1<3 years | −0.81 | 0.53 | 2.33 | 0.44ns | 0.16–1.26 |
| Young cows (<7) | −0.24 | 0.42 | 0.32 | 0.78ns | 0.35–1.79 |
| State | |||||
| Campeche | Baseline | 1.00 | |||
| Tabasco | 1.98 | 0.61 | 10.46 | 7.27** | 2.19–24.21 |
| Chiapas | 3.29 | 0.75 | 18.90 | 26.88** | 6.09–118.51 |
Average faecal fluke egg (liver and rumen flukes) counts in cattle in southeastern Mexico according to sex, age and origin_
| Variable | N | Mean | SE | Q1 | Median | Q3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fasciola hepatica egg per gram of faeces (epg) | ||||||
| Male | 11 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.7 |
| Female | 129 | 8.7 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 12.0 |
| Steers (< 3 years) | 11 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.7 |
| Cows (> 3 years) | 129 | 9.2 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 14.0 |
| Tabasco | 107 | 10.3 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 16.0 |
| Chiapas | 33 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 4.0 |
| Rumen fluke egg per gram of faeces (epg) | ||||||
| Male | 11 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 1.3 |
| Female | 130 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 |
| Steers (< 3 years) | 11 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.7 |
| Cows (> 3 years) | 130 | 3.3 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 |
| Tabasco | 107 | 3.4 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 |
| Chiapas | 34 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 2.0 |
| Trematode egg per gram of faeces (epg) | ||||||
| Male | 11 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 1.3 |
| Female | 136 | 11.4 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 15.0 |
| Steers (< 3 years) | 11 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 1.3 |
| Cows (> 3 years) | 136 | 12.0 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 6.0 | 16.0 |
| Tabasco | 107 | 13.7 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 8.0 | 18.0 |
| Chiapas | 40 | 4.5 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 6.5 |
Odds ratio of the study variables that affect the presence of liver and rumen fluke in cattle in a hot humid climate_
| Fasciola hepatica | Rumen fluke | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factor | B | SE | Wald | Odds ratio | 95% CI | B | SE | Wald | Odds ratio | 95% CI |
| Constant | −21.31 | 261.6 | 0.006 | −2.05 | 0.71 | 8.23 | ||||
| Type of sample | ||||||||||
| Fluke | Baseline | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||||
| Eggs in faeces | 2.8 | 0.67 | 17.4 | 16.35** | 4.4–60.8 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.88 | 1.53ns | 0.63–3.73 |
| Physiographic zone | ||||||||||
| Hillocks | Baseline | 1.0 | 1.00 | |||||||
| Flood-prone areas | 2.8 | 0.38 | 50.35 | 15.76** | 7.36–33.76 | 1.6 | 0.36 | 19.15 | 4.94** | 2.41–10.1 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | Baseline | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||||
| Male | −2.8 | 1.28 | 4.92 | 0.058* | 0.005–0.72 | −0.09 | 0.44 | 0.05 | 0.91ns | 0.38–2.17 |
| Age | ||||||||||
| Old cows (> 7y) | Baseline | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||||||
| Steers | 0.12 | 1.61 | 0.05 | 1.13ns | 0.05–26.67 | −0.59 | 0.52 | 1.28 | 0.55ns | 0.19–1.54 |
| Young cows (<7) | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 2.6* | 1.38–17.7 | −0.45 | 0.43 | 1.07 | 0.64ns | 0.27–1.49 |
| State | ||||||||||
| CampecheΩ | - | - | - | - | - | Baseline | 1.00 | |||
| Chiapas | Baseline | 1.0 | 1.33 | 0.65 | 4.2 | 3.78* | 1.06–13.5 | |||
| Tabasco | −0.31 | 0.6 | 0.29 | 0.73ns | 0.24–2.25 | 0.68 | 0.51 | 1.8 | 1.98ns | 0.72–5.4 |
Number of bovines sampled per year, type of sampling and state of origin of the animals_
| Year | Type of sample | State | Number of samples |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | Faeces for determination of trematode eggs | Tabasco | 193 |
| Chiapas | 98 | ||
| 2019 | Faeces for determination of liver and rumen fluke eggs | Tabasco | 227 |
| Chiapas | 34 | ||
| Campeche | 50 | ||
| Presence of liver and rumen flukes in slaughtered cattle | Tabasco | 83 | |
| Chiapas | 325 | ||
| Total | 1010 |
Prevalence of flukes in cattle in a humid warm climate of Mexico by study variable_
| Risk factor | Fasciola hepatica | Rumen fluke | Trematodes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Positives (%) | Positives (%) | N | Positives (%) | |
| Year | |||||
| 2018* | 291 | - | - | 291 | 94 (32.3) |
| 2019 | 719 | 134 (18.6) | 240 (33.4) | 719 | 300 (41.7) |
| Type of sample | |||||
| Eggs in faeces | 311 | 130 (41.8) | 131 (42.1) | 602 | 281 (46.7) |
| Flukes | 408 | 4 (1.0) | 109 (26.7) | 408 | 113 (27.7) |
| Physiographic zone | |||||
| Flood-prone areas | 278 | 117 (42.1) | 138 (49.6) | 321 | 216 (67.3) |
| Hillocks | 441 | 17 (3.9) | 102 (23.1) | 689 | 178 (25.8) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 204 | 1 (0.5) | 52 (25.5) | 212 | 52 (24.5) |
| Female | 515 | 133 (25.8) | 188 (36.5) | 798 | 342 (42.9) |
| Age | |||||
| Steers >1<3 years | 187 | 1 (0.5) | 45 (24.1) | 254 | 57 (22.4) |
| Young cows (<7) | 424 | 131 (30.9) | 160 (37.7) | 623 | 289 (46.4) |
| Old cows (> 7y) | 108 | 2 (1.8) | 35 (32.4) | 133 | 48 (36.1) |
| State | |||||
| Tabasco | 310 | 109 (35.2) | 119 (38.4) | 503 | 207 (41.2) |
| Chiapas | 359 | 25 (7.0) | 102 (28.4) | 457 | 168 (36.8) |
| Campeche | 50 | 0 (0.0) | 19 (38.0) | 50 | 19 (38.0) |