Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Main enzymes and reactions involved in epigenetic processes in S_ mansoni_
| Enzyme type | Reaction catalyzed | Reaction example | Access code or reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| DNMT2 | DNA methylation | Cytosine + S-Adenosyl-L-methionine DNA- methyltransferase Cytosine-CH3 | (Geyer et al., 2011) Smp_198180 |
| HDACs | Histone deacetylation | HO + N6-acetyl-L-lysyl-[histone] = 2acetate + L-lysyl-[histone] | SmHDAC1 Smp_005210; SmHDAC3 Smp_093280; SmHDAC8 Smp_091990; (Oger et al., 2008) |
| HAT | Catalyzes acetylation in lysines of histones and other proteins | Zinc ion binding Bromodomain Acetyltransferase activity | AY337317 Smp_105910 (Bertin et al., 2006; Maciel et al., 2004) |
| HMT PRMT | Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 S-adenosyl-L-methionine Methyltransferase . Peptidyl-arginine N-methylation | Catalyze the formation of omega-N monomethylarginine (MMA) and symmetrical dimethylarginine (sDMA). | Smp_070340 Smp_029240.2 Smp_025550 Smp_171150 Cabezas-Cruz et al., 2014 |
| PTKs | Phosphorylation of tyrosine protein diversity | ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate | (Avelar et al., 2011) |
| Ubiquitin- conjugating enzymes (Ub-E2) | Catalyzes the intermediate step of protein ubiquitination | S-ubiquitinyl-[E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme]-L-cysteine + [E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme]-L-cysteine = [E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme]-L-cysteine + S-ubiquitinyl-[E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme]-L-cysteine. | (Costa et al., 2015) |
| UCHs, USPs, OTUs, MJDs | Involved in ubiquitin processing, in the recovery of modified ubiquitin trapped in inactive forms, and in the recycling of ubiquitin monomers from polyubiquitinated chains DNA repair, cell-cycle control, endocytosis, transcription and protein degradation by the proteasome | Thiol-dependent hydrolysis of ester, thioester, amide, peptide and isopeptide bonds formed by the C-terminal Glycine of ubiquitin | (Pereira et al., 2015) |
| HMT PKMT | Protein lysine methyltransferase (PKMT) | L-lysyl-[protein] + S-adenosyl-L- methionine = H+ + N6-methyl-L-lysyl- [protein] + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine | (Smp _000700) (Whatley et al., 2019) |
| KDM | Lysine specific demethylase | Demethylation of 'Lys-27' of H3 and appendant methylation of 'Lys-4' of histone H3, in agreement with recruitment of the PRC1 complex and monoubiquitination of histone H2A | (Smp_034000) (Lobo-Silva et al., 2020) |
The epigenetic influence in different stages of the S_ mansoni life cycle and its involvement in several mechanisms_
| Life cycle stage | Developmental stage | Epigenetic Findings | Gene | Mechanisms | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mammal host | Mature egg | Epigenetic readers characterization | SmMBD2/3 and SmCBX | Neoblasts proliferation and normal eggs production | (Geyer et al., 2018) |
| Schistosomula | miRNA enriched in RNA-seq analysis: oesophagus and tegumental cells derived. | sma-miR-277/4989 | Downregulation in paired worms and upregulation in virgin worms – schistosomula to adult transition | Protasio et al., 2017 | |
| Adult worm | miRNAs parasite-derived in definitive host serum | miR-277, miR-3479-3p and bantam | Macrophage proliferation, TNFα increase and ovary development | Hoy et al., 2014, Zhu et al., 2016 Liu et al., 2019 | |
| Free life | Miracidium | Mucin epigenetic polymorphisms | SmPomucs | Neutralizing snail immune system | (Fneich et al., 2016; Perrin et al., 2013) |
| Cercaria | miRNA presenting high rates in a specific stage | miR-71 | Stage specific functions | Mu et al., 2019 | |
| Snail Host | Sporocyst | lncRNAs RNA-seq | Unique sets in sporocysts e.g SmLINC181757 SmLINC180219 SmLINC180220 SmLINC180221 SmLINC180222 | Asexual reproduction, Kinome, Stage specific function | Kim et al., 2020 |