Fig. 1
Symptoms observed at 7 and 40 days after inoculation on Bird’s Nest Fern leaves caused by Aphelenchoides pseudogoodeyi. The inoculation was performed in the adaxial surface of injured and uninjured leaves.
Fig. 2
Progress of symptoms on injured leaves of Bird’s Nest Fern caused by Aphelenchoides pseudogoodeyi at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 15, 30, 40 days after inoculation. The inoculation was performed in the abaxial surface of leaves of Bird’s Nest Fern.
Fig. 3
Effect of injury on (A) symptom severity (expressed as percentage of leaf area with lesions), and (B) final population of Aphelenchoides pseudogoodeyi recovered from Bird’s Nest Fern 40 days after inoculation. Different upper-case letters indicate that the medians differed significantly according to the Kruskal-Wallis test, at 5 % significance. The horizontal line inside the box represents the median, while the lower and upper horizontal lines of the box indicate the first quartile and third quartile, respectively.
Table 1
Reproduction factor (RF) - Total number of nematodes days after inoculation divided by the initial number of nematode inoculated (2,000). RF ≤1 resistance reaction and RF>1 susceptibility reaction, according to Oostenbrink (1966).
| Host plant (Scientific name) | Treatment | Days after inoculation (DAI) | RF (mean ± SD) | Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asplenium nidus | Injured leaf | 40 | 0.008 ± 0.005 | Resistant |
| Lilium speciosum | Injured leaf | 5 | 0.016 ± 0.006 | Resistant |
| L. speciosum | Injured leaf | 10 | 0.018 ± 0.007 | Resistant |
| L. speciosum | Injured leaf | 20 | 0.008 ± 0.011 | Resistant |
| L. speciosum | Injured leaf | 40 | 0.000 ± 0.000 | Resistant |
Fig. 4
Symptoms observed at 5, 10, 20 and 40 days after inoculation on Oriental Lily leaves caused by Aphelenchoides pseudogoodeyi. The inoculation was performed on the abaxial surface of injured and uninjured leaves.
Fig. 5
(A) Symptom severity (expressed as percentage of leaf area with lesions); (B) the final population of Aphelenchoides pseudogoodeyi after extraction from uninjured leaves and (C) final population of A. pseudogoodeyi after extraction on injured leaves of Oriental Lily inoculated on abaxial surface at 5, 10, 20 and 40 days after inoculation. Different upper-case letters indicate statistical difference between inoculation times according to the Kruskal-Wallis test with 5 % significance (A, B, C). Lower case letters indicate statistical difference between the inoculation methods, with and without injury, according to the Kruskal-Wallis test, with 5 % significance (B, C). The horizontal line inside the box represents the median, while the lower and upper horizontal lines of the box indicate the first quartile and third quartile, respectively.
Fig. 6
Anatomical alterations on Bird’s-Nest Fern leaves inoculated with Aphelenchoides pseudogoodeyi. The transversal sections were stained with toluidine blue (A-G) or Lugol’s reagent (H1-K). Sections of control uninjured (A; H1) and injured (B; H2) leaves, at 5 DAI. Sections of injured leaves inoculated with A. pseudogoodeyi at: 1 DAI (C-D1; I); 3 DAI (E-F; J) and 5 DAI (G; K). Epad= epidermis of adaxial surface; epab= epidermis of abaxial surface; st= stomata; mes= mesophyll; asterisk= nematode; arrow= formation of intercellular spaces. Bars: A-D, F and G: 100 μm; H1-K: 50 μm and E: 25 μm.