Abstract
This article assesses the effectiveness of implementing universal design in urban spaces, with particular emphasis on the impact of these processes on the quality of the residential environment. The research defines the concepts of systemicity and effectiveness and discusses the criteria and outcomes necessary to achieve them. Three main approaches determining the effectiveness of universal design were thoroughly analyzed: design based on the PN-EN 17161:2019 standard, design for all using the HUMBLES method, and inclusive design (Inclusive Design) from the perspective of the Head, Heart, Hand approach (Empathy, Clarity, Creativity) and the Design Thinking methodology.
The article also presents three accessibility implementation tools used in selected European countries. In the United Kingdom, the RIBA Outlay Inclusive Design roadmap was analysed; in Ireland, the Disability Access Certificate; and in Poland, the Accessibility Model Description utilised in Warsaw. The extent to which each of these tools addresses user needs and facilitates communication with them was discussed, along with their impact on the effectiveness of the undertaken actions.
The final section presents the results of research conducted as part of the doctoral dissertation, focusing on the factors shaping the mechanisms for implementing universal design. A comparative analysis of Poland, the United Kingdom, and Ireland revealed that the most promising solutions are those combining the PN-EN 17161:2019 standard with the HUMBLES method, which support accessibility management in a systemic and participatory way. Field studies and expert interviews confirmed that effectiveness depends on the integration of tools with urban policy, stakeholder engagement, and continuous monitoring. The issues addressed in this article align with the interdisciplinary concept of shaping the housing environment as an inclusive, functional, and sustainable space, contributing to the development of urban and architectural design focused on the needs of all users.