References
- Antoniou M., Gunasekera, G. M., & Wong, P. C. M. (2013). Foreign language training as cognitive therapy for age-related cognitive decline: a hypothesis for future research. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 37, pp. 2689–2698.
- Bahrick, H. P. (1984). Fifty years of second language attrition: implications for programmatic research. Mod. Lang. J., 68, pp. 105–118.10.1111/j.1540-4781.1984.tb01551.x
- Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., & Freedman, M. (2007). Bilingualism as a protection against the onset of symptoms of dementia. Neuropsychologia, 45, pp. 459–464.10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.00917125807
- Boulton-Lewis, G., Buys, L., & Lovie-Kitchin, J. (2006). Learning and active aging. Educational Gerontology, 32, pp. 271-282.10.1080/03601270500494030
- Chang, D.-F., & Lin, S.-P. (2011). Motivation to learn among older adults in Taiwan. Educ. Gerontol., 37, pp. 574–592.
- Clough, B. S. (1992). Broadening perspectives on learning activities in later life. Educ. Gerontol., 18, pp. 447–459.10.1080/0360127920180504
- De Bot, K., & Makoni, S. (2006). Language and aging in multilingual contexts. Appl. Linguist., 27, pp. 760–762.
- De Groot, A. M. B., Dannenburg, L., & Van Hell, J. G. (1994). Forward and backward word translation by bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, pp. 600–629.
- Djoub, Z. (2013). ICT education and motivating elderly people. Ariadna; cultura, educación y tecnología, 1/1, pp. 88-92.
- Dornyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Dresler, M., Sandberg, A., Ohla, K., Bublitz, C., Trenado, C., Mroczko-Wasowicz, A., et al. (2013). Non-pharmacological cognitive enhancement. Neuropharmacol., 64, pp. 529–543.22828638
- Duay, D. L., & Bryan, V. C. (2008). Learning in later life: what seniors want in a learning experience. Educ. Gerontol., 34, pp. 1070–1086.10.1080/03601270802290177
- Dulay, H., & Burt, M. (1982). Language Two. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Ekstrand, L. (1976). Age and length of residence as variables related to the adjustment of migrant children, with special reference to second language learning. In S. Krashen, R. Scarcella and M. Long (Eds.), Child-Adult Differences in Second Language Acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
- Faust, M., Babkoff, H., & Kravetz, S. (1995). Linguistic processes in the two cerebral hemispheres: implications for modularity vs interactionism. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17/2, pp. 171-192.10.1080/01688639508405117
- Forbes-McKay, K. E., Venneri, A. (2005). Detecting subtle spontaneous language decline in early Alzheimer's disease with a picture description task. Neurol. Sci., 26, pp. 243-54.
- Gauthier, S., Wu, L., Rosa-Neto, P., & Jia, J. (2012). Prevention strategies for Alzheimer’s disease. Transl. Neurodegener., 1/13.
- Godwin, R. (2015). Emerging technologies contributing, creating, curating: digital literacies for language learners. Lang. Learn. Technol., 19, pp. 8–20.
- Gold, B. T., Johnson, N. F., & Powell, D. K. (2013). Lifelong bilingualism contributes to cognitive reserve against white matter integrity declines in aging. Neuropsychologia, 51, pp. 2841–2846.2410340010.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.09.037
- Golonka, E. M., Bowles, A. R., Frank, V. M., Richardson, D. L., & Freynik, S. (2014). Technologies for foreign language learning: a review of technology types and their effectiveness. Comput. Assist. Lang. Learn., 27, pp. 70–105.10.1080/09588221.2012.700315
- Gómez, D. R. (2016). Critical geragogy and foreign language learning: an exploratory application. Educ. Gerontol., 42, pp. 136–143.10.1080/03601277.2015.1083388
- Greenwood, P. M., & Parasuraman, R. (2010). Neuronal and cognitive plasticity: a neurocognitive framework for ameliorating cognitive aging. Front. Aging Neurosci., 2/150.
- Grognet, A. G. (1997) Elderly refugees and language learning. Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
- Gruneberg, M. M., & Pascoe, K. (1996). The effectiveness of the keyword method for receptive and productive foreign vocabulary learning in the elderly. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 21, pp. pp. 102–109.10.1006/ceps.1996.0009
- Hansen, L., Umeda, Y., & McKinney, M. (2002). Savings in the relearning of second language vocabulary: the effects of time and proficiency. Lang. Learn., 52, pp. 653–678.
- Harley, B. & Hart, D. (1997). Language aptitude and second language proficiency in classroom learners of different starting ages. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 19/3, pp. 379-400.10.1017/S0272263197003045
- Harley, B. (1995). Introduction: The lexicon in second language research. In B. Harley (Ed.), Lexical issues in language learning, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1-28.
- Herschensohn, J. (2007). Language Development and Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511486487
- Hosoda, C., Tanaka, K., Nariai, T., Honda, M., & Hanakawa, T. (2013). Dynamic neural network reorganization associated with second language vocabulary acquisition: a multimodal imaging study. J. Neurosci., 33, pp. 13663–13672.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0410-13.2013
- Hu, R. (2016) The age factor in second language learning. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 6/11, pp. 2164-2168.
- Hughes, T. (2010). Promotion of cognitive health through cognitive activity in the aging population. J. Aging Health, 6, pp. 111–121.2038331810.2217/ahe.09.89
- Kenner, C., & Weinerman, J. (2011). Adult Learning Theory: applications to non-traditional college students. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 41/2, pp. 87-96.
- Kivipelto, M., Ngandu, T., Laatikainen, T., Winblad, B., Soininen, H. & Tuomilehto, J. (2006). Risk score for the prediction of dementia risk in 20 years among middle aged people: a longitudinal, population-based study. Lancet Neurol, 5, pp. 735-741.10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70537-3
- Knowles, M. S. (1968). Andragogy, not pedagogy. Adult Leadership, 16/10, pp. 350-352, 386.
- Krashen, S. D. (1973). Lateralization, language learning and the critical period: some new evidence. Language Learning, 23, pp. 63–74.10.1111/j.1467-1770.1973.tb00097.x
- Krashen, S. D. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford: Pergamon.
- Krashen, S. D. (1982) Principles and practice in second language acquisition. London: Pergamon.
- Krashen, S. D. (1985). The input hypothesis: issues and implications. New York: Longman.
- Krashen, S. D. (1988). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Prentice-Hall International.
- Krashen, S. D., Long, M., & Scarcella, R. (1979). Age, rate and eventual attainment in second language acquisition. TESOL Quarterly, 13, pp. 573–82.10.2307/3586451
- Kueider, A. M., Parisi, J. M., Gross, A. L., & Rebok, G. W. (2012). Computerized cognitive training with older adults: a systematic review. PLoS ONE 7:e40588.
- Law, L. L. F., Barnett, F., Yau, M. K., & Gray, M. A. (2014). Effects of combined exercise interventions on cognition in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Aging Res. Rev., 15, pp. 61–75.10.1016/j.arr.2014.02.008
- Lenneberg, E. H. (1967). Biological foundations of language. New York: Wiley.
- Lewis, M. (1993). The Lexical Approach. Hove: Language Teaching Publications.
- Li, P., Legault, J., & Litcofsky, K. A. (2014). Neuroplasticity as a function of second language learning: anatomical changes in the human brain. Cortex, 58, pp. 301–324.10.1016/j.cortex.2014.05.001
- Lotto, L., & De Groot, A. M. (1998). Effects of learning method and word type on acquiring vocabulary in an unfamiliar language. Language learning, 48(1), pp. 31-69.
- Marinova-Todd, S. H., Bradford, M. D. & Snow, C. E. (2000). Three misconceptions about age and L2 learning. TESOL Q., 34, pp. 9–34.
- Mechelli, A., Crinion, J. T., Noppeney, U., O’Doherty, J., Ashburner, J., Frackowiak, R. S., et al. (2004). Neurolinguistics: structural plasticity in the bilingual brain. Nature, 14:757.10.1038/431757a
- Muñoz, C. (2006). Age and the rate of foreign language learning. Dublin: David Singleton.
- Nation, I. S. P. (1993). Vocabulary size, growth, and use. In R. Schreuder & B. Weltens (Eds.), The bilingual lexicon, Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins, pp.115-134.
- Nold, G. M. J. (2005). Alzheimer’s speakers and two languages. In B. H. Davis (Ed.), Alzheimer Talk, Text and Context, Enhancing Communication, New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 102-128.
- Olsen, R. K., Pangelinan, M. M., Bogulski, C., Chakravarty, M. M., Luk, G., Grady, C. L., et al. (2015). The effect of lifelong bilingualism on regional grey and white matter volume. Brain Res., 1612, pp. 128–139.
- Penfield, W., & Roberts, L. (1959). Speech and brain mechanism. New York: Atheneum.
- Purdie, N., & Boulton-Lewis, G. (2003). The learning needs of older adults. Educ. Gerontol., 29, pp. 129–149.10.1080/713844281
- Salthouse, T. (2006). Mental exercise and mental aging: evaluating the validity of the “use it or lose it” hypothesis. Perspectives on psychological science: a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 1(1), pp. 68-87.
- Santacruz, K. S., Sonnen, J. A., Pezhouh, M. K., Desrosiers, M. F., Nelson, P. T., & Tyas, S. L. (2011). Alzheimer disease pathology in subjects without dementia in 2 studies of aging: the Nun Study and the Adult Changes in Thought Study, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 70, pp. 832–840.
- Schroeder, S. R., & Marian, V. (2016). Cognitive consequences of trilingualism, Int. J. Biling., 1, pp. 1–19.
- Scovel, T. (1969). Foreign accents, language acquisition, and cerebral dominance. Language Learning, 19, pp. 245–254.10.1111/j.1467-1770.1969.tb00466.x
- Selinger, H. (1978). Implications of a multiple critical periods hypothesis for second language learning. In W. Ritchie (Ed.), Second Language Acquisition Research. New York: Academic Press.
- Selkoe, D. J. (2012). Preventing Alzheimer’s disease. Science, 337, pp. 1488–1492.
- Singleton, D., & Ryan, L. (2004). Language acquisition: the age factor. UK: Multilingual Matters.
- Snow, C. (2002). Second language learners and understanding the brain. In A. M. Galaburda, S. M. Kosslyn, & Y. Christen (Eds.), The Languages of the Brain, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 151-165.
- Snow, C., & Marian, H. (1978). The critical age for SLA: evidence from second language learning. Child Development, 49, pp. 1114–1128.
- Stine-Morrow, E. A., Parisi, J. M., Morrow, D. G., Greene, J., Park, D. C. (2007). An engagement model of cognitive optimization through adulthood. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62B(Special Issue I), pp. 62–69.10.1093/geronb/62.special_issue_1.62
- Tzang, R.-F., Yang, A. C., Yeh, H.-L., Lui, M.-E., & Tsai, S.-J. (2015). Association of depression and loneliness with specific cognitive performance in non-demented elderly males. Med. Sci. Monit., 21, pp. 100–104.
- Van der Hoeven, N., & De Bot, K. (2012). Relearning in the elderly: age-related effects on the size of savings. Lang. Learn., 62, pp. 42–67.
- Van Hell, L. G., & Mahn, A. C. (1997) Keyword mnemonics versus rote rehearsal: learning concrete and abstract foreign words by experienced and inexperienced learners. Language Learning, 47/3, pp. 507–546.10.1111/0023-8333.00018
- Vega-Mendoza, M., West, H., Sorace, A., & Bak, T. H. (2015). The impact of late, non-balanced bilingualism on cognitive performance. Cognition, 137, pp. 40–46.
- Wang, H.-X., Karp, A., Winblad, B., and Fratiglioni, L. (2002). Late-life engagement in social and leisure activities is associated with a decreased risk of dementia: a longitudinal study from the kungsholmen project. Am. J. Epidemiol., 155, pp. 1081–1087.
- Ware, C., Damnee, S., Djabelkhir, L., Cristancho, V., Wu, Y.-H., Benovici, J., Pino, M., & Rigaud, A.-S. (2017). Maintaining cognitive functioning in healthy seniors with a technology-based foreign language program: a pilot feasibility study. Front. Aging Neurosci. 9:42.
- Wu, Y.-H., Damnée, S., Kerhervé, H., Ware, C., & Rigaud, A.-S. (2015). Bridging the digital divide in older adults: a study from an initiative to inform older adults about new technologies. Clin. Interv. Aging, 10, pp. 193–200.