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Quantitative Measurements of Hazardous Gas Effluents from the Combustion of Crew Waste Simulant in Microgravity

Gravitational and Space Research
Volume 12 (2024): Issue 1 (January 2024)
By:
Open Access
|Aug 2024

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

(A) A photograph of the OSCAR system mounted in the flight enclosure prepared for mission NS-17 at the Blue Origin Launch Site One near Van Allen, TX. (B) Schematic of the pertinent systems of OSCAR. The blue arrows indicate the direction of gas flow. Note that the gases in the collection tanks were filtered, whereas the gases from the reactor were not.
(A) A photograph of the OSCAR system mounted in the flight enclosure prepared for mission NS-17 at the Blue Origin Launch Site One near Van Allen, TX. (B) Schematic of the pertinent systems of OSCAR. The blue arrows indicate the direction of gas flow. Note that the gases in the collection tanks were filtered, whereas the gases from the reactor were not.

Figure 2.

Comparison of VOC % mass compositions by category.(A) The composition of the VOCs observed in the flight reactor.(B) The average composition of the VOCs from the terrestrial laboratory analog tests.
Comparison of VOC % mass compositions by category.(A) The composition of the VOCs observed in the flight reactor.(B) The average composition of the VOCs from the terrestrial laboratory analog tests.

Figure 3.

Plots of the flight/microgravity SMAC concentrations (blue squares) with the laboratory test average concentrations (black line) and the upper/lower boundaries of the 95% CI (gray dashed lines).
Plots of the flight/microgravity SMAC concentrations (blue squares) with the laboratory test average concentrations (black line) and the upper/lower boundaries of the 95% CI (gray dashed lines).

j_gsr-2024-0007_tab_006

Target Compounds (TO-15)*Lab 1 T1Lab 1 T2Lab 1 T3Lab 1 RLab 2 T2
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane<0.10<0.083<0.083<0.13<0.083
Perfluoro(2-methylpentane)<0.21<0.17<0.17<0.25<0.17
Propene0.21.83.58937.46
Propane0.040.390.68950.59
Carbonyl sulfide (Carbon oxide sulfide)<0.0370.610.691.31.3
Freon 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane)<0.074<0.059<0.059<0.089<0.059
Chloromethane<0.0310.080.538.30.31
Freon 114 (1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane)<0.10<0.084<0.084<0.13<0.084
Isobutane<0.036<0.029<0.0293.6<0.029
Vinyl chloride<0.038<0.0310.120.170.061
Methanol<0.033<0.026<0.02670<0.026
Acetaldehyde0.140.160.374970.19
2-Methyl-1-propene0.040.170.672030.19
Butane<0.0360.120.28350.11
1,3-Butadiene<0.033<0.027<0.02717<0.027
Bromomethane<0.058<0.047<0.047<0.070<0.047
Chloroethane<0.040<0.032<0.0325.1<0.032
Ethanol<0.028<0.023<0.02312.3<0.023
Freon 11 (Trichlorofluoromethane)<0.084<0.067<0.067<0.10<0.067
Propenal (Acrolein)<0.034<0.028<0.028112<0.028
Acetonitrile<0.025<0.0200.037.9<0.020
Acetone0.140.060.141680.08
Propanal (Propionaldehyde)<0.036<0.0290.052186<0.029
Target Compounds (TO-15)*Lab 1 T1Lab 1 T2Lab 1 T3Lab 1 RLab 2 T2
Furan<0.042<0.033<0.03331<0.033
Pentane<0.044<0.0350.0429<0.035
2-Propanol (Isopropanol)<0.061<0.049<0.0490.83<0.049
Isoprene (2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene)<0.042<0.033<0.0330.17<0.033
1,1-Dichloroethene<0.059<0.048<0.048<0.071<0.048
Dimethyl sulfide<0.038<0.030<0.0300.97<0.030
Acrylonitrile<0.033<0.026<0.0268.5<0.026
Freon 113 (1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane)<0.11<0.092<0.092<0.14<0.092
2-Methyl-2-propanol<0.045<0.036<0.0360.19<0.036
Methyl acetate<0.045<0.036<0.0361.3<0.036
3-Chloropropene (Allyl chloride)<0.047<0.038<0.0380.18<0.038
Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane)<0.052<0.042<0.042<0.063<0.042
Carbon disulfide<0.0470.310.714.70.49
1-Propanol<0.037<0.029<0.0292.41<0.029
Trimethylsilanol<0.055<0.044<0.044<0.066<0.044
1,1-Dichloroethane<0.061<0.049<0.049<0.073<0.049
Butanal (Butyraldehyde)<0.044<0.0350.036450.04
2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone)<0.044<0.0350.05431<0.035
Hexane<0.053<0.042<0.04217<0.042
2-Methylfuran<0.050<0.040<0.04016<0.040
cis-1,2-Dichloroethene<0.059<0.048<0.048<0.071<0.048
Ethyl acetate<0.054<0.043<0.043<0.065<0.043
Chloroform<0.073<0.059<0.059<0.088<0.059
1,1,1-Trichloroethane<0.082<0.065<0.065<0.098<0.065
2-Butenal<0.043<0.034<0.0347.2<0.034
1,2-Dichloroethane<0.061<0.049<0.0490.44<0.049
Benzene<0.048<0.038<0.038216<0.038
Carbon tetrachloride<0.094<0.075<0.075<0.11<0.075
1-Butanol<0.045<0.036<0.0363.9<0.036
2-Methylhexane<0.061<0.049<0.0490.29<0.049
2,3-Dimethylpentane<0.061<0.049<0.0490.41<0.049
3-Methylhexane<0.061<0.049<0.049<0.074<0.049
2-Pentanone<0.053<0.042<0.04218<0.042
Pentanal<0.053<0.042<0.04242<0.042
n-Heptane<0.061<0.049<0.04918<0.049
Trichloroethene<0.081<0.064<0.064<0.097<0.064
1,2-Dichloropropane<0.069<0.055<0.055<0.083<0.055
2,5-Dimethylfuran<0.059<0.047<0.0475.4<0.047
1,4-Dioxane<0.054<0.043<0.0430.87<0.043
4-Methyl-2-pentanone (MIBK)<0.061<0.049<0.0493<0.049
cis-1,3-Dichloropropene<0.068<0.054<0.054<0.082<0.054
2-Pentenal<0.052<0.041<0.0416.7<0.041
Target Compounds (TO-15)*Lab 1 T1Lab 1 T2Lab 1 T3Lab 1 RLab 2 T2
trans-1,3-Dichloropropene<0.068<0.054<0.054<0.082<0.054
Toluene<0.057<0.045<0.04534<0.045
1,1,2-Trichloroethane<0.082<0.065<0.065<0.098<0.065
Mesityl oxide (4-Methyl-3-penten-2-one)<0.060<0.048<0.0483.1<0.048
Octane<0.070<0.056<0.05615<0.056
Hexanal<0.061<0.049<0.04926<0.049
Butyl acetate<0.071<0.057<0.057<0.086<0.057
Tetrachloroethene (Perchloroethene)<0.10<0.081<0.081<0.12<0.081
1,2-Dibromoethane (EDB)<0.12<0.092<0.092<0.14<0.092
Chlorobenzene<0.069<0.055<0.0550.31<0.055
Ethylbenzene<0.065<0.052<0.0526.7<0.052
m & p-Xylene<0.13<0.10<0.104.5<0.10
2-Heptanone<0.070<0.056<0.0563.1<0.056
Nonane<0.079<0.063<0.06310<0.063
Styrene (Ethenylbenzene)<0.064<0.051<0.0514.8<0.051
Heptanal<0.070<0.056<0.05621<0.056
o-Xylene<0.065<0.052<0.0522.7<0.052
Cyclohexanone<0.060<0.048<0.0481.4<0.048
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane<0.10<0.082<0.0820.2<0.082
Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS)<0.30<0.240.350.520.43
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene<0.074<0.059<0.0591<0.059
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene<0.074<0.059<0.0590.57<0.059
1,3-Dichlorobenzene<0.090<0.072<0.072<0.11<0.072
1,4-Dichlorobenzene<0.090<0.072<0.072<0.11<0.072
1,2-Dichlorobenzene<0.090<0.072<0.072<0.11<0.072
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (DMCPS)<0.38<0.30<0.30<0.45<0.30
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene<0.19<0.15<0.15<0.22<0.15
Hexachlorobutadiene<0.16<0.13<0.13<0.19<0.13
Target Compounds (TO-15)*Lab 2 T3Lab 2 RLab 2 rmLab 3 T1Lab 3 T2
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane<0.10<0.15<0.027<0.12<0.10
Perfluoro(2-methylpentane)<0.21<0.29<0.054<0.24<0.21
Propene9.05710.0140.0360.71
Propane<0.02772<0.0070<0.0311
Carbonyl sulfide (Carbon oxide sulfide)0.911.7<0.0096<0.0431.6
Freon 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane)<0.074<0.10<0.019<0.086<0.074
Chloromethane0.819.4<0.0081<0.0360.26
Freon 114 (1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane)<0.10<0.15<0.027<0.12<0.10
Isobutane0.0381.2<0.0093<0.041<0.036
Vinyl chloride0.240.19<0.0100<0.0440.083
Methanol<0.033580.0110.088<0.033
Acetaldehyde0.434730.020.420.2
Target Compounds (TO-15)*Lab 2 T3Lab 2 RLab 2 rmLab 3 T1Lab 3 T2
2-Methyl-1-propene1.2184<0.0090<0.0400.3
Butane0.5959<0.0093<0.0410.2
1,3-Butadiene<0.03311<0.0086<0.038<0.033
Bromomethane<0.058<0.082<0.015<0.068<0.058
Chloroethane<0.0409.9<0.010<0.046<0.040
Ethanol<0.02835.4<0.0073<0.033<0.028
Freon 11 (Trichlorofluoromethane)<0.084<0.12<0.022<0.098<0.084
Propenal (Acrolein)<0.034112<0.00890.092<0.034
Acetonitrile<0.02514<0.00650.0790.05
Acetone0.151370.040.460.17
Propanal (Propionaldehyde)0.074162<0.00930.150.045
Furan<0.04254<0.011<0.048<0.042
Pentane0.06640<0.012<0.051<0.044
2-Propanol (Isopropanol)<0.061470.12<0.071<0.061
Isoprene (2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene)<0.042<0.059<0.011<0.048<0.042
1,1-Dichloroethene<0.059<0.083<0.015<0.069<0.059
Dimethyl sulfide<0.0380.7<0.0099<0.044<0.038
Acrylonitrile<0.03325<0.00850.055<0.033
Freon 113 (1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane)<0.11<0.16<0.030<0.13<0.11
2-Methyl-2-propanol<0.045<0.064<0.012<0.053<0.045
Methyl acetate<0.0450.72<0.012<0.053<0.045
3-Chloropropene (Allyl chloride)<0.0470.15<0.012<0.054<0.047
Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane)<0.052<0.073<0.014<0.060<0.052
Carbon disulfide0.72.8<0.012<0.0540.32
1-Propanol<0.037<0.052<0.0096<0.043<0.037
Trimethylsilanol<0.055<0.077<0.0140.06<0.055
1,1-Dichloroethane<0.061<0.085<0.016<0.070<0.061
Butanal (Butyraldehyde)<0.04477<0.0120.078<0.044
2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone)<0.04443<0.0120.11<0.044
Hexane<0.05316<0.014<0.061<0.053
2-Methylfuran<0.05013<0.013<0.058<0.050
cis-1,2-Dichloroethene<0.059<0.083<0.015<0.069<0.059
Ethyl acetate<0.054<0.076<0.014<0.063<0.054
Chloroform<0.073<0.10<0.019<0.085<0.073
1,1,1-Trichloroethane<0.082<0.11<0.021<0.095<0.082
2-Butenal<0.0438.2<0.0110.068<0.043
1,2-Dichloroethane<0.0610.28<0.016<0.070<0.061
Benzene0.066210<0.0120.17<0.048
Carbon tetrachloride<0.094<0.13<0.025<0.11<0.094
1-Butanol<0.0451.2<0.012<0.053<0.045
2-Methylhexane<0.061<0.086<0.016<0.071<0.061
2,3-Dimethylpentane<0.061<0.086<0.016<0.071<0.061
Target Compounds (TO-15)*Lab 2 T3Lab 2 RLab 2 rmLab 3 T1Lab 3 T2
3-Methylhexane<0.061<0.086<0.016<0.071<0.061
2-Pentanone<0.05313<0.0140.11<0.053
Pentanal<0.05353<0.0140.14<0.053
n-Heptane<0.06118<0.016<0.071<0.061
Trichloroethene<0.081<0.11<0.021<0.094<0.081
1,2-Dichloropropane<0.069<0.097<0.018<0.080<0.069
2,5-Dimethylfuran<0.0591.4<0.015<0.068<0.059
1,4-Dioxane<0.0540.21<0.014<0.063<0.054
4-Methyl-2-pentanone (MIBK)<0.0611.1<0.016<0.071<0.061
cis-1,3-Dichloropropene<0.068<0.095<0.018<0.079<0.068
2-Pentenal<0.0522.8<0.013<0.060<0.052
trans-1,3-Dichloropropene<0.068<0.095<0.018<0.079<0.068
Toluene<0.05737<0.015<0.066<0.057
1,1,2-Trichloroethane<0.082<0.11<0.021<0.095<0.082
Mesityl oxide (4-Methyl-3-penten-2-one)<0.060<0.084<0.016<0.070<0.060
Octane<0.07011<0.018<0.081<0.070
Hexanal<0.06125<0.0160.12<0.061
Butyl acetate<0.071<0.10<0.019<0.083<0.071
Tetrachloroethene (Perchloroethene)<0.10<0.14<0.026<0.12<0.10
1,2-Dibromoethane (EDB)<0.12<0.16<0.030<0.13<0.12
Chlorobenzene<0.0690.15<0.018<0.080<0.069
Ethylbenzene<0.0653.5<0.017<0.076<0.065
m & p-Xylene<0.132.2<0.034<0.15<0.13
2-Heptanone<0.0702.3<0.0180.10.073
Nonane<0.0793.7<0.020<0.091<0.079
Styrene (Ethenylbenzene)<0.0641.6<0.017<0.074<0.064
Heptanal<0.07010<0.0180.120.074
o-Xylene<0.0651.5<0.017<0.076<0.065
Cyclohexanone<0.0600.75<0.016<0.070<0.060
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane<0.10<0.14<0.027<0.12<0.10
Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS)<0.30<0.42<0.07910.4
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene<0.0740.31<0.019<0.086<0.074
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene<0.0740.18<0.019<0.086<0.074
1,3-Dichlorobenzene<0.090<0.13<0.023<0.10<0.090
1,4-Dichlorobenzene<0.090<0.13<0.023<0.10<0.090
1,2-Dichlorobenzene<0.090<0.13<0.023<0.10<0.090
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (DMCPS)<0.38<0.53<0.099<0.44<0.38
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene<0.19<0.26<0.048<0.22<0.19
Hexachlorobutadiene<0.16<0.22<0.042<0.19<0.16

Comparisons of flight VOCs to laboratory tests, reported in mg VOC/kg trash combusted_ Cells shaded in blue denote chemical categories where the flight value falls outside of the 95% CI for the lab measurements_

Collection Tank 2 (T2)Collection Tank 3 (T3)Reactor
VOC TypeFlightLab AverageFlightLab AverageFlightLab Average
Carbonyls1.420.28±0.321.400.39±0.05666.2684.6±113.2
Other CHO----0.06--193.657.9±53.3
Aromatic hydrocarbons----0.060.04426.2130.1±114.8
Aromatic halogens----------0.9±1.2
Furans/dioxins----0.26--87.540.0±18.5
Aliphatic hydrocarbons94.393.33±6.56256.834.64±3.901088.2281.2±123.5
CHN--0.040.100.0222.912.6±21.5
Aliphatic halogens1.760.20±0.306.270.48±0.2720.811.8±7.8
Thiols/sulfides2.731.18±0.994.260.86±0.138.36.2±11.2
Siloxanes--0.30--0.21--0.3
Total VOCs100.305.09±6.97269.246.48±4.042513.71225.4±274.7

j_gsr-2024-0007_tab_005

Target Compounds (TO-15)*Flight T3Flight T1Flight T2Flight rmFlight R
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane<0.083<0.12<0.083<0.031<2.5
Perfluoro(2-methylpentane)<0.17<0.23<0.17<0.062<4.9
Propene98.861.138.33<0.0077214.03
Propane108.440.1641.99<0.0081222.37
Carbonyl sulfide (Carbon oxide sulfide)0.78<0.0410.63<0.0113.7
Freon 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane)<0.059<0.083<0.059<0.022<1.7
Chloromethane7.02<0.0351.69<0.009321.09
Freon 114 (1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane)<0.084<0.12<0.084<0.031<2.5
Isobutane2.1<0.0400.49<0.0114.97
Vinyl chloride1.57<0.0430.29<0.0122.24
Methanol0.09<0.037<0.0260.0636.34
Acetaldehyde0.242.341.280.09622.83
2-Methyl-1-propene112.560.1619.59<0.010486.87
Butane29.180.055.19<0.011185.13
1,3-Butadiene0.560.060.06<0.0100217.79
Bromomethane<0.047<0.065<0.047<0.017<1.4
Chloroethane0.1<0.044<0.032<0.0125.48
Ethanol<0.0230.1<0.0231.76226.57
Freon 11 (Trichlorofluoromethane)<0.067<0.094<0.067<0.025<2.0
Propenal (Acrolein)0.59<0.0390.08<0.0102.7
Acetonitrile0.14<0.028<0.020<0.007616.34
Acetone0.530.290.140.1270.66
Propanal (Propionaldehyde)0.450.040.10.0261.54
Furan0.36<0.047<0.033<0.01375.38
Pentane4.1<0.0500.56<0.01354.02
2-Propanol (Isopropanol)<0.0490.44<0.0490.4<1.4
Isoprene (2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene)<0.033<0.047<0.033<0.01318.77
1,1-Dichloroethene<0.048<0.067<0.048<0.018<1.4
Dimethyl sulfide<0.030<0.043<0.030<0.0111.18
Acrylonitrile<0.026<0.036<0.026<0.009815.4
Freon 113 (1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane)<0.092<0.13<0.092<0.034<2.7
2-Methyl-2-propanol<0.036<0.051<0.036<0.014<1.1
Methyl acetate<0.036<0.051<0.036<0.0141.58
3-Chloropropene (Allyl chloride)<0.038<0.053<0.038<0.014<1.1
Target Compounds (TO-15)*Flight T3Flight T1Flight T2Flight rmFlight R
Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane)<0.042<0.058<0.042<0.016<1.2
Carbon disulfide5.12<0.0522.44<0.0146.69
1-Propanol<0.029<0.041<0.029<0.0111.79
Trimethylsilanol<0.044<0.062<0.044<0.017<1.3
1,1-Dichloroethane<0.049<0.068<0.049<0.018<1.4
Butanal (Butyraldehyde)0.05<0.050<0.0350.0140.18
2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone)<0.035<0.050<0.035<0.01336.97
Hexane0.18<0.059<0.042<0.01637.39
2-Methylfuran<0.040<0.056<0.040<0.01535.21
cis-1,2-Dichloroethene<0.048<0.067<0.048<0.018<1.4
Ethyl acetate<0.043<0.061<0.043<0.016<1.3
Chloroform<0.059<0.082<0.059<0.022<1.7
1,1,1-Trichloroethane<0.065<0.092<0.065<0.025<1.9
2-Butenal0.08<0.048<0.034<0.013<1.0
1,2-Dichloroethane<0.049<0.068<0.049<0.018<1.4
Benzene0.09<0.054<0.038<0.014523.59
Carbon tetrachloride<0.075<0.11<0.075<0.028<2.2
1-Butanol<0.036<0.051<0.036<0.0143.62
2-Methylhexane<0.049<0.069<0.049<0.018<1.4
2,3-Dimethylpentane<0.049<0.069<0.049<0.018<1.4
3-Methylhexane<0.049<0.069<0.049<0.018<1.4
2-Pentanone<0.042<0.059<0.042<0.01610.85
Pentanal<0.042<0.059<0.042<0.01647.56
n-Heptane<0.049<0.069<0.049<0.01836.57
Trichloroethene<0.064<0.090<0.064<0.024<1.9
1,2-Dichloropropane<0.055<0.078<0.055<0.021<1.6
2,5-Dimethylfuran<0.047<0.066<0.047<0.01810.65
1,4-Dioxane<0.043<0.061<0.043<0.016<1.3
4-Methyl-2-pentanone (MIBK)<0.049<0.069<0.049<0.018<1.4
cis-1,3-Dichloropropene<0.054<0.076<0.054<0.020<1.6
2-Pentenal<0.041<0.058<0.041<0.015<1.2
trans-1,3-Dichloropropene<0.054<0.076<0.054<0.020<1.6
Toluene<0.045<0.063<0.045<0.01747.9
1,1,2-Trichloroethane<0.065<0.092<0.065<0.025<1.9
Mesityl oxide (4-Methyl-3-penten-2-one)<0.048<0.067<0.048<0.018<1.4
Octane<0.056<0.078<0.056<0.02121.71
Hexanal<0.049<0.069<0.0490.0318.99
Butyl acetate<0.057<0.080<0.057<0.021<1.7
Tetrachloroethene (Perchloroethene)<0.081<0.11<0.081<0.031<2.4
1,2-Dibromoethane (EDB)<0.092<0.13<0.092<0.035<2.7
Chlorobenzene<0.055<0.077<0.055<0.021<1.6
Ethylbenzene<0.055<0.077<0.052<0.0206.19
Target Compounds (TO-15)*Flight T3Flight T1Flight T2Flight rmFlight R
m & p-Xylene<0.010<0.015<0.10<0.0393.42
2-Heptanone<0.056<0.078<0.056<0.021<1.6
Nonane<0.063<0.088<0.063<0.0248.67
Styrene (Ethenylbenzene)<0.051<0.072<0.051<0.0197.9
Heptanal<0.056<0.078<0.056<0.0219.57
o-Xylene<0.052<0.073<0.052<0.0201.78
Cyclohexanone<0.048<0.067<0.048<0.018<1.4
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane<0.082<0.012<0.082<0.031<2.4
Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS)<0.24<0.34<0.24<0.091<7.1
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene<0.059<0.083<0.059<0.022<1.7
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene<0.059<0.083<0.059<0.022<1.7
1,3-Dichlorobenzene<0.072<0.10<0.072<0.027<2.1
1,4-Dichlorobenzene<0.072<0.10<0.072<0.027<2.1
1,2-Dichlorobenzene<0.072<0.10<0.072<0.027<2.1
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (DMCPS)<0.30<0.42<0.30<0.11<8.9
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene<0.15<0.21<0.15<0.056<4.4
Hexachlorobutadiene<0.13<0.18<0.13<0.048<3.8

j_gsr-2024-0007_tab_008

Waste Material% of OWS (wt%)
Clothing (cotton t-shirt)17.9%
Food Packaging (FP)13.4%
FP Overwrap13.4%
Cotton towel9.5%
Tech Wipes3.6%
Toilet Paper3.6%
Nitrile Gloves1.6%
Fecal Simulant13.4%
Wet Wipes10.8%
Food Simulant10.6%
Toothpaste1.2%
Shampoo1.2%

j_gsr-2024-0007_tab_007

Target Compounds (TO-15)*Lab 3 T3Lab 3 R
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane<0.10<0.24
Perfluoro(2-methylpentane)<0.21<0.48
Propene5.476
Propane0.8983
Carbonyl sulfide (Carbon oxide sulfide)0.812.1
Freon 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane)<0.074<0.17
Chloromethane0.5812
Freon 114 (1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane)<0.10<0.24
Isobutane<0.0362.1
Vinyl chloride0.20.51
Methanol<0.03345
Acetaldehyde0.37628
2-Methyl-1-propene0.8690
Butane0.4438
1,3-Butadiene<0.0331.7
Bromomethane<0.058<0.13
Chloroethane<0.04012
Ethanol<0.02815
Freon 11 (Trichlorofluoromethane)<0.084<0.19
Propenal (Acrolein)<0.034126
Acetonitrile<0.0250.95
Acetone0.22109
Propanal (Propionaldehyde)0.06228
Furan<0.04261
Pentane0.0660
2-Propanol (Isopropanol)<0.061<0.14
Isoprene (2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene)<0.0420.25
1,1-Dichloroethene<0.059<0.14
Dimethyl sulfide<0.0380.86
Acrylonitrile<0.0338
Freon 113 (1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane)<0.11<0.26
2-Methyl-2-propanol<0.0450.17
Methyl acetate<0.0450.84
3-Chloropropene (Allyl chloride)<0.0470.23
Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane)<0.052<0.12
Carbon disulfide0.616
1-Propanol<0.0371.2
Trimethylsilanol<0.055<0.13
1,1-Dichloroethane<0.061<0.14
Butanal (Butyraldehyde)<0.044103
2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone)0.05536
Target Compounds (TO-15)*Lab 3 T3Lab 3 R
Hexane<0.05313
2-Methylfuran<0.05016
cis-1,2-Dichloroethene<0.059<0.14
Ethyl acetate<0.0540.48
Chloroform<0.073<0.17
1,1,1-Trichloroethane<0.082<0.19
2-Butenal<0.0433.8
1,2-Dichloroethane<0.0610.41
Benzene<0.04895
Carbon tetrachloride<0.094<0.22
1-Butanol<0.0451.4
2-Methylhexane<0.0610.17
2,3-Dimethylpentane<0.0610.26
3-Methylhexane<0.0610.18
2-Pentanone<0.05332
Pentanal<0.05339
n-Heptane<0.06114
Trichloroethene<0.081<0.19
1,2-Dichloropropane<0.069<0.16
2,5-Dimethylfuran<0.0592.2
1,4-Dioxane<0.0540.36
4-Methyl-2-pentanone (MIBK)<0.0615
cis-1,3-Dichloropropene<0.068<0.16
2-Pentenal<0.0524.8
trans-1,3-Dichloropropene<0.068<0.16
Toluene<0.05727
1,1,2-Trichloroethane<0.082<0.19
Mesityl oxide (4-Methyl-3-penten-2-one)<0.0602.7
Octane<0.0706.6
Hexanal<0.06118
Butyl acetate<0.0710.23
Tetrachloroethene (Perchloroethene)<0.10<0.23
1,2-Dibromoethane (EDB)<0.12<0.27
Chlorobenzene<0.0690.21
Ethylbenzene<0.0653.2
m & p-Xylene<0.132.5
2-Heptanone<0.0702.4
Nonane<0.0793.8
Styrene (Ethenylbenzene)<0.0641.1
Heptanal<0.0707.1
o-Xylene<0.0651.3
Cyclohexanone<0.0600.74
Target Compounds (TO-15)*Lab 3 T3Lab 3 R
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane<0.10<0.24
Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS)<0.30<0.70
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene<0.0741.7
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene<0.0740.22
1,3-Dichlorobenzene<0.090<0.21
1,4-Dichlorobenzene<0.090<0.21
1,2-Dichlorobenzene<0.090<0.21
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (DMCPS)<0.38<0.87
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene<0.19<0.43
Hexachlorobutadiene<0.16<0.37

Observed reactor SMAC compounds from combustion of 10 g trash in microgravity as a percentage of the SMAC limit for exposures up to 180-days_

% of 1-hour limit% of 24-hour limit% of 7-day limit% of 30-day limit% of 180-day limit
SMAC CompoundUDDUDDUDDUDDUDD
Propane83.41.19e-283.41.19e-283.41.19e-283.41.19e-283.41.19e-2
Vinyl chloride0.6849.73e-52.964.21e-488.91.26e-288.91.26e-288.91.26e-2
Methanol40.25.72e-340.25.72e-31412.00e-21412.00e-21402.00e-2
Acetaldehyde3.51e30.4995.84e30.8311.75e42.491.75e42.491.75e42.49
Butane0.4396.24e-50.4396.24e-50.4396.24e-50.4396.24e-50.4396.24e-5
Ethanol2.443.47e-42.443.47e-412.21.73e-312.21.73e-312.21.73e-3
Acrolein1.59e30.2273.41e30.4857.96e31.137.96e31.131.49e42.12
Acetone6.038.58e-415.12.15e-31371.95e-21371.95e-21371.95e-2
Propionaldehyde58.48.31e-358.48.31e-35267.48e-25267.48e-25267.48e-2
Furan6.87e29.77e-26.87e30.9771.10e515.61.10e515.61.10e515.6
Pentane12.41.76e-323.23.30e-331.04.40e-392.81.32e-26198.80e-2
Isoprene13.71.94e-327.33.89e-33424.86e-23424.86e-26839.72e-2
Butyraldehyde30.74.37e-330.74.37e-32763.93e-22763.93e-22763.93e-2
MEK25.43.62e-325.43.62e-31271.81e-21271.81e-21271.81e-2
Benzene1.66e30.2365.54e30.7883.32e44.731.66e523.62.37e53.38
1-Butanol2.423.45e-44.846.89e-44.846.89e-44.846.89e-410.11.44e-3
Pentanal30.44.33e-330.44.33e-32743.90e-22743.90e-22743.90e-2
n-Heptane6.038.58e-411.31.61e-315.12.15e-345.36.44e-33024.29e-2
Toluene80.61.15e-280.61.15e-23224.58e-23224.58e-23224.58e-2
Octane3.144.47e-45.898.38e-47.861.12e-323.63.35e-31572.23e-2
Hexanal10.51.49e-310.51.49e-394.01.34e-294.01.34e-294.01.34e-2
Ethylbenzene0.8031.14e-42.413.43e-44.826.86e-44.826.86e-412.11.71e-3
m & p-Xylene1.602.27e-44.706.68e-44.706.68e-44.706.68e-49.401.34e-3
Nonane1.121.59e-42.102.98e-42.803.98e-48.391.19e-355.97.95e-3
Heptanal4.626.57e-44.626.57e-441.65.91e-341.65.91e-341.65.91e-3
o-Xylene0.8321.18e-42.453.48e-42.453.48e-42.453.48e-44.896.96e-4

Individual SMAC Compound Comparisons in Reactor Gases_ All values are given in ppm_

SMAC CompoundsFlightLab Avg1-h SMAC24-h SMAC7-d SMAC30-d SMAC180-d SMAC
Propane125.0546.86±16.07150150150150150
Vinyl chloride0.890.12±0.1913030111
Methanol28.1344.64±24.047070202020
Acetaldehyde350.65299.89±116.69106222
Butane79.0018.77±13.861800018000180001800018000
Ethanol121.9711.25±16.8950005000100010001000
Acrolein1.1951.61±8.880.0750.0350.0150.0150.008
Acetone30.1758.93±31.31500200222222
Propionaldehyde26.2853.52±90.324545555
Furan27.4617.73±14.2140.40.0250.0250.025
Pentane18.5714.78±13.421508060203
Isopropanol 9.87±40.99400100606060
Isoprene6.830.08±0.065025221
t-Butanol 0.06±0.015050505040
Butyraldehyde13.8225.79±24.824545555
Methylethyl ketone12.7112.61±5.155050101010
Benzene166.2455.14±53.791030.50.10.07
1-Butanol1.210.72±1.255025252512
Pentanal13.6912.86±5.274545555
n-Heptane9.054.12±1.421508060203
MIBK 0.75±1.203535353535
Toluene12.898.79±3.431616444
Octane4.712.36±2.271508060203
Hexanal4.705.69±2.684545555
Ethylbenzene1.451.04±1.1318060303012
m& p-Xylene0.800.72±0.73501717178.5
Nonane1.681.13±1.731508060203
Heptanal2.082.76±3.964545555
o-Xylene0.420.43±0.44501717178.5
OMCTS--0.04----2351
Flight value exceeds 95% CI.Flight value exceeds SMAC limit.

Compounds not observed above the reporting limit, all samples_

Fluorides/Bromides not observedPolychlorides not observed
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane1,1-dichloroethenecis-1,3-dichloropropene
perfluoro-2-methylpentaneDichloromethanetrans-1,3-dichloropropene
dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12)1,1-dichloroethane1,1,2-trichloroethane
1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (Freon 114)cis-1,2-dichloroethenetetrachloroethene
trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11)chloroform1,3-dichlorobenzene
1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (Freon 113)1,1,1-trichloroethane1,4-dichlorobenzene
Bromomethanecarbon tetrachloride1,2-dichlorobenzene
1,2-dibromoethanetrichloroethene1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
1,2-dichloropropaneHexachlorobutadiene
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2024-0007 | Journal eISSN: 2332-7774
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 94 - 114
Published on: Aug 15, 2024
Published by: American Society for Gravitational and Space Research
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 times per year
Keywords:
volatile organic compounds,
combustion,
microgravity,
trace gas analysis,
spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMAC),
TO-15
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Life sciences, other,
Materials sciences,
Materials sciences, other,
Physics,
Physics, other

© 2024 Joel A. Olson, David Rinderknecht, Ray Pitts, Patti Cheng, Malay Shah, Morgan Benson, Rodolphe Carro, Annie Meier, published by American Society for Gravitational and Space Research
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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