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Seed Priming with Ulva lactuca L. in Cultivars Grown in Martian and Lunar Regolith Analogues

Open Access
|Jun 2024

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Germination percentage of C. annum (A), P. sativum (B), L. sativa (C), and C. arietinum (D) in controls (terrestrial soil and Martian regolith MGS-1) and in treatments (0.2 and 0.4 g · L−1 of U. lactuca powder), n=4/10 subsamples (seeds) for each cultivar. Standard Error (SE) upper limits were not capped since germination was 100% with no distinctive ranges.
Germination percentage of C. annum (A), P. sativum (B), L. sativa (C), and C. arietinum (D) in controls (terrestrial soil and Martian regolith MGS-1) and in treatments (0.2 and 0.4 g · L−1 of U. lactuca powder), n=4/10 subsamples (seeds) for each cultivar. Standard Error (SE) upper limits were not capped since germination was 100% with no distinctive ranges.

Figure 2.

Percentage of the emergence of seedlings of C. annum (A), P. sativum (B), L. sativa (C) e C. arietinum (D) in controls (terrestrial soil and Martian regolith MGS-1) and treatments (0.2 and 0.4 g · L−1 U. lactuca powder), n=4/10 subsamples (seeds) for each cultivar. Standard Error (SE) upper limits were not capped since germination was 100% with no distinctive ranges.
Percentage of the emergence of seedlings of C. annum (A), P. sativum (B), L. sativa (C) e C. arietinum (D) in controls (terrestrial soil and Martian regolith MGS-1) and treatments (0.2 and 0.4 g · L−1 U. lactuca powder), n=4/10 subsamples (seeds) for each cultivar. Standard Error (SE) upper limits were not capped since germination was 100% with no distinctive ranges.

Figure 3.

Percentage of germination of C. annum (A), P. sativum (B), L. sativa (C), and C. arietinum (D) in controls (terrestrial soil and lunar regolith LHS-1) and treatments (0. 2 and 0. 4 g · L−1 U. lactuca powder), n=4/10 subsamples (seeds) for each cultivar. Standard Error (SE) upper limits were not capped since germination was 100% with no distinctive ranges.
Percentage of germination of C. annum (A), P. sativum (B), L. sativa (C), and C. arietinum (D) in controls (terrestrial soil and lunar regolith LHS-1) and treatments (0. 2 and 0. 4 g · L−1 U. lactuca powder), n=4/10 subsamples (seeds) for each cultivar. Standard Error (SE) upper limits were not capped since germination was 100% with no distinctive ranges.

Figure 4.

Percentage of the emergence of C. annum (A), P. sativum (B), L. sativa (C), and C. arietinum (D) in controls (terrestrial soil and lunar regolith LHS-1) and treatments (0. 2 and 0. 4 g · L−1U. lactuca powder), n=4/10 subsamples (seeds) for each cultivar. Standard Error (SE) upper limits were not capped since germination was 100% with no distinctive ranges.
Percentage of the emergence of C. annum (A), P. sativum (B), L. sativa (C), and C. arietinum (D) in controls (terrestrial soil and lunar regolith LHS-1) and treatments (0. 2 and 0. 4 g · L−1U. lactuca powder), n=4/10 subsamples (seeds) for each cultivar. Standard Error (SE) upper limits were not capped since germination was 100% with no distinctive ranges.

Figure 5.

Germination speed and seedling emergence of cultivars developed in lunar and Martian regolith when treatment was applied at concentrations of 0.2 g · L−1and 0.4 g · L−1.
Germination speed and seedling emergence of cultivars developed in lunar and Martian regolith when treatment was applied at concentrations of 0.2 g · L−1and 0.4 g · L−1.

Figure 6.

Contents of phytohormones in seeds of P. sativum (pmol/FW) with mean and standard deviation. PeM: Martian regolith pea. PeM0.2: Pea Martian regolith concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. PeM0.4: Pea Martian regolith concentration of 0.4 g · L−1. PeL: Lunar regolith pea. PeL0.2: Pea lunar regolith concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. PeL0.4: Pea lunar regolith concentration 0.4 g · L−1.
Contents of phytohormones in seeds of P. sativum (pmol/FW) with mean and standard deviation. PeM: Martian regolith pea. PeM0.2: Pea Martian regolith concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. PeM0.4: Pea Martian regolith concentration of 0.4 g · L−1. PeL: Lunar regolith pea. PeL0.2: Pea lunar regolith concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. PeL0.4: Pea lunar regolith concentration 0.4 g · L−1.

Figure 7.

Contents of phytohormones (pmol/FW) in seeds of C. annum with mean and standard deviation. Peak hormonal concentration for each type of regolith, Martian, and lunar. Legend: PpM: Pepper Martian regolith. PpM0.2: Martian regolith pepper with a concentration of 0.2 g · L−1.PpM0.4: Martian regolith pepper with a concentration of 0.4 g · L−1. PpL: Lunar regolith pepper. PpL0.2: Lunar regolith pepper with a concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. PpL0.4: Lunar regolith pepper with concentration 0.4 g · L−1.
Contents of phytohormones (pmol/FW) in seeds of C. annum with mean and standard deviation. Peak hormonal concentration for each type of regolith, Martian, and lunar. Legend: PpM: Pepper Martian regolith. PpM0.2: Martian regolith pepper with a concentration of 0.2 g · L−1.PpM0.4: Martian regolith pepper with a concentration of 0.4 g · L−1. PpL: Lunar regolith pepper. PpL0.2: Lunar regolith pepper with a concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. PpL0.4: Lunar regolith pepper with concentration 0.4 g · L−1.

Figure 8.

Contents of phytohormones (pmol/FW) in seeds of L. sativa with mean and standard deviation. Peak hormonal concentration for each type of regolith, Martian, and lunar. Legend: LeM: Lettuce Martian regolith. LeM0.2: Martian regolith lettuce with a concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. LeM0.4: Martian regolith lettuce with a concentration of 0.4 g · L−1. LeL: Lunar regolith lettuce. LeL0.2: Lunar regolith lettuce with a concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. LeL0.4: Lunar regolith lettuce with a concentration of 0.4 g · L−1.
Contents of phytohormones (pmol/FW) in seeds of L. sativa with mean and standard deviation. Peak hormonal concentration for each type of regolith, Martian, and lunar. Legend: LeM: Lettuce Martian regolith. LeM0.2: Martian regolith lettuce with a concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. LeM0.4: Martian regolith lettuce with a concentration of 0.4 g · L−1. LeL: Lunar regolith lettuce. LeL0.2: Lunar regolith lettuce with a concentration of 0.2 g · L−1. LeL0.4: Lunar regolith lettuce with a concentration of 0.4 g · L−1.

Figure 9.

Contents of phytohormones (pmol/FW) in seeds of C. arietinum with mean and standard deviation. Peak hormonal concentration for each type of regolith, Martian, and lunar. CpM: Martian regolith chickpea. CpM0.2: Martian chickpea regolith concentration of 0.2 g g · L−1. CpM0.4 chickpea Martian regolith concentration of 0.4 g · L−1. CpL: lunar regolith chickpea. CpL0.2: lunar regolith chickpea concentration of 0.2 g. g · L−1. CpL0.4: chickpea lunar regolith concentration 0.4 g · L−1.
Contents of phytohormones (pmol/FW) in seeds of C. arietinum with mean and standard deviation. Peak hormonal concentration for each type of regolith, Martian, and lunar. CpM: Martian regolith chickpea. CpM0.2: Martian chickpea regolith concentration of 0.2 g g · L−1. CpM0.4 chickpea Martian regolith concentration of 0.4 g · L−1. CpL: lunar regolith chickpea. CpL0.2: lunar regolith chickpea concentration of 0.2 g. g · L−1. CpL0.4: chickpea lunar regolith concentration 0.4 g · L−1.

Figure 10.

Hypothetical model representing the interaction of secondary metabolites of U. lactuca and their phytohormone precursors as plant growth regulators.
Hypothetical model representing the interaction of secondary metabolites of U. lactuca and their phytohormone precursors as plant growth regulators.

Estimated cost per kg of macroalgae extract_

Payload CostAuthorTotal Cost per kg
$4,000.00–$40,000.00Ehlmann et al. (2005)$50,968.00 – $1,760,000
$1,000.00–$5,000.00 (regular)Zuniga et al. (2015)$14,160.00 – $60,000.00 (Regular)
$5,000.00–$10,000.00 (long-term) $70,000.00 – $144,200.00 (long-term)
$200.00–$300.00Heldmann et al. (2022)$13,360.00 – $21,120.00

Controlled conditions were maintained in an incubator for seed germination assays in terrestrial soil samples and simulated lunar and Martian regolith_

ConditionsDayNight
Photoperiod16:00 h8:00 h
Temperature23 °C18 °C
Relative Humidity70%70%
CO2400 ppm – 1000 ppm1000 ppm
Light~ 400 μmol · m−2 · s−1HPLEDN/A

U_ lactuca qualitative analysis_

Chemical classCompounds
AlkaloidsVincadifformin
Quinines
TerpenoidsNeophytadiene
Phytol
Lactaropallidin
FlavonoidsLucenin 2
Quercetin 7.3′,4′-Trimethoxy
SteroidsDigitoxigenin
Fatty acids5-Octadecenal
Erucic Acid
9-Octadecenoic acid
1-Tricosanol
n-Hexadecanoic acid
Myristate Isopropyl
PhenolsUncharacterized
Language: English
Page range: 77 - 93
Published on: Jun 9, 2024
Published by: American Society for Gravitational and Space Research
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 2 times per year

© 2024 Jéssica Carneiro Oliveira, Renato Crespo Pereira, Taylor Sawyer Johnson, Rafael Loureiro, published by American Society for Gravitational and Space Research
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.