References
- Acosta-Martinez V, Van Pelt S, Moore-Kucera J, Baddock MC, Zobeck TM (2015) Microbiology of wind-eroded sediments: Current knowledge and future research directions. Aeolian Research18: 99–113
- Adams JH, Adcock L, Apple J, Christl M, Cleveand W, Cox M, Dietz K, Ferguson C, Fountain W, Ghita B (2007) Deep space test bed for radiation studies. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment579: 522–525
- Ballester J, Burns JC, Cayan D, Nakamura Y, Uehara R, Rodó X (2013) Kawasaki Disease and ENSO-driven wind circulation. Geophysical Research Letters40: 2284–2289
- Barberán A, Ladau J, Leff JW, Pollard KS, Menninger HL, Dunn RR, Fierer N (2015) Continental-scale distributions of dust-associated bacteria and fungi. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA112: 5756–5761
- Beck-Winchatz B, Bramble J (2014) High-altitude ballooning student research with yeast and plant seeds. Gravitational and Space Research2: 117–127
- Benardini JN 3rd, La Duc MT, Beaudet RA, Koukol R (2014) Implementing planetary protection measures on the Mars Science Laboratory. Astrobiology14: 27–32
- Benardini JN, Sawyer J, Venkateswaran K, Nicholson WL (2003) Spore UV and acceleration resistance of endolithic Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis isolates obtained from Sonoran desert basalt: Implications for lithopanspermia. Astrobiology3: 709–717
- Brownlee D (1978) Microparticle studies by sampling techniques. Cosmic Dust1: 295–336
- Brownlee DE, Hodge PW, Bucher W (1973) The physical nature of interplanetary dust as inferred by particles collected at 35 km (morphology of micrometeorites and ablation products). In Evolutionary and Physical Properties of Meteoroids, CL Hemenway, PM Millman, and AF Cook (eds), pp 291–295. Washington, DC: NASA (NASA SP-319)
- Bryan N, Stewart M, Granger D, Guzik T, Christner B (2014) A method for sampling microbial aerosols using high altitude balloons. Journal of Microbiological Methods107: 161–168
- Burns JC, Cayan DR (2017) The climate–KD link. In Kawasaki Disease, BT Saji, JW Newburger, JC Burns, and M Takahasi (eds), pp 53–57. Tokyo: Springer Japan
- Cathey HM (2008) Development overview of the revised NASA ultra long duration balloon. Advances in Space Research42: 1624–1632
- Chassefière E, Wieler R, Marty B, Leblanc F (2012) The evolution of Venus: Present state of knowledge and future exploration. Planetary and Space Science63: 15–23
- Chiu J-L, Boggs S, Chang H-K, Tomsick J, Zoglauer A, Amman M, Chang Y-H, Chou Y, Jean P, Kierans C (2015) The upcoming balloon campaign of the Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment784: 359–363
- Cockell CS, Catling DC, Davis WL, Snook K, Kepner RL, Lee P, McKay CP (2000) The ultraviolet environment of Mars: Biological implications past, present, and future. Icarus146: 343–359
- Creamean JM, Suski KJ, Rosenfeld D, Cazorla A, DeMott PJ, Sullivan RC, White AB, Ralph FM, Minnis P, Comstock JM (2013) Dust and biological aerosols from the Sahara and Asia influence precipitation in the Western US. Science339: 1572–1578
- CSBF (2016a) Balloon Operations Support: Flight Application Instructions, OF-300-11-H Rev. A., Palestine, TX: Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility
- CSBF (2016b) Long-Duration Ballooning: LDB Support for Science Groups, EL-100-10-H Rev. A., Palestine, TX: Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility
- Cucinotta FA, Durante M (2006) Cancer risk from exposure to galactic cosmic rays: Implications for space exploration by human beings. Lancet Oncology7: 431–435
- Cucinotta FA, Schimmerling W, Wilson JW, Peterson LE, Badhwar GD, Saganti PB, Dicello JF (2001) Space radiation cancer risks and uncertainties for Mars missions. Radiation Research156: 682–688
- de Bernardis P, Ade P, Aquilini E, Bock J, Boscaleri A, Cardoni P, Ganga K, Giacometti M, Griffin M, Hanany S (1997) BOOMERanG: Balloon observations of millimetric extragalactic radiation and geophysics. In Microwave Background Anisotropies, FR Bouchet, R Gispert, B Guideroni, and JTT Van (eds), pp 155–160. Singapore: Editions Frontieres
- Deleon-Rodriguez N, Lathem TL, Rodriguez RL, Barazesh JM, Anderson BE, Beyersdorf AJ, Ziemba LD, Bergin M, Nenes A, Konstantinidis KT (2013) Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA110: 2575–2580
- Della Corte V, Rietmeijer FJ, Rotundi A, Ferrari M (2014) Introducing a new stratospheric dust-collecting system with potential use for upper atmospheric microbiology investigations. Astrobiology14: 694–705
- Favet J, Lapanje A, Giongo A, Kennedy S, Aung YY, Cattaneo A, Davis-Richardson AG, Brown CT, Kort R, Brumsack HJ (2012) Microbial hitchhikers on intercontinental dust: Catching a lift in Chad. The ISME Journal7: 850–867
- Fernstrom A, Goldblatt M (2013) Aerobiology and its role in the transmission of infectious diseases. Journal of Pathogens2013: Article ID 493960
- Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Kampf CJ, Weber B, Huffman JA, Pöhlker C, Andreae MO, Lang-Yona N, Burrows SM, Gunthe SS, Elbert W (2016) Bioaerosols in the Earth system: Climate, health, and ecosystem interactions. Atmospheric Research182: 346–376
- Galleri G, Camboni MG, Negri R, de Sanctis V, Costanzo G, Meloni MA, Pipia P, Cotronei V, Cogoli A (2003) Stratospheric balloon BIRBA 2 mission: Effects of cosmic radiations on gene expression of human cells. In European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research, B Warmbein (ed), pp 571–573. Sankt Gallen: European Space Agency
- Gioia J, Yerrapragada S, Qin X, Jiang H, Igboeli OC, Muzny D, Dugan-Rocha S, Ding Y, Hawes A, Liu W (2007) Paradoxical DNA repair and peroxide resistance gene conservation in Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032. PLoS One2: e928
- Griffin DW (2007) Non-spore forming eubacteria isolated at an altitude of 20,000 m in Earth's atmosphere: Extended incubation periods needed for culture-based assays. Aerobiologia24: 19–25
- Griffin DW (2004) Terrestrial microorganisms at an altitude of 20,000 m in Earth's atmosphere. Aerobiologia20: 135–140
- Griffin DW, Kellogg CA, Shinn EA (2001) Dust in the wind: Long range transport of dust in the atmosphere and its implications for global public and ecosystem health. Global Change & Human Health2: 20–33
- Griffin DW, Westphal DL, Gray MA (2006) Airborne microorganisms in the African desert dust corridor over the mid-Atlantic ridge, Ocean Drilling Program, Leg 209. Aerobiologia22: 211–226
- Hassler DM, Zeitlin C, Wimmer-Schweingruber RF, Ehresmann B, Rafkin S, Eigenbrode JL, Brinza DE, Weigle G, Böttcher S, Böhm E (2014) Mars’ surface radiation environment measured with the Mars Science Laboratory's Curiosity Rover. Science343: 1244797
- Horneck G (1992) Radiobiological experiments in space: A review. International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements20: 185–205
- Horneck G, Moeller R, Cadet J, Douki T, Mancinelli RL, Nicholson WL, Panitz C, Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Spry A (2012) Resistance of bacterial endospores to outer space for planetary protection purposes–experiment PROTECT of the EXPOSE-E mission. Astrobiology12: 445–456
- Irwin LN, Schulze-Makuch D (2011) Suspended animation. In Cosmic Biology: How Life Could Evolve on Other Worlds, LN Irwin, and D Schulze-Makuch (eds), pp 153–172. New York: Springer
- Jacob DJ (1999) Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry, Princeton: Princeton University Press
- John K, Botkin D, Burton A, Castro-Wallace S, Chaput J, Dworkin J, Lehman N, Lupisella M, Mason C, Smith D (2016) The biomolecule sequencer project: Nanopore sequencing as a dual-use technology for crew health and astrobiology investigations. In 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, TX: Lunar & Planetary Science Institute, #2982
- Jones WV (2014) Evolution of scientific ballooning and its impact on astrophysics research. Advances in Space Research53: 1405–1414
- Jones WV (2012) The US long duration balloon facility at McMurdo Station. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union8: 169–177
- Kellogg CA, Griffin DW (2006) Aerobiology and the global transport of desert dust. Trends in Ecology & Evolution21: 638–644
- Kempf MJ, Chen F, Kern R, Venkateswaran K (2005) Recurrent isolation of hydrogen peroxide-resistant spores of Bacillus pumilus from a spacecraft assembly facility. Astrobiology5: 391–405
- Khodadad, CL, Wong, GM, James, LM, Thakrar, PJ, Lane, MA, Catechis, JA, Smith, DJ (2017) Stratosphere conditions inactivate bacterial endospores from a Mars spacecraft assembly facility. Astrobiology17: 337–350
- Kopp G, Belting C, Castleman Z, Drake G, Espejo J, Heuerman K, Lamprecht B, Lanzi J, Smith P, Stuchlik D, Vermeer B (2014) First results from the hyperspectral imager for climate science (HySICS). In SPIE Proceedings, 9088, Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XX, M Velez-Reyes and FA Kruse (eds), 90880Q
- Kuhn W, Atreya S (1979) Solar radiation incident on the Martian surface. Journal of Molecular Evolution14: 57–64
- Kylling A, Danielsen T, Blumthaler M, Schreder J, Johnsen B (2003) Twilight tropospheric and stratospheric photodissociation rates derived from balloon borne radiation measurements. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics3: 377–385
- Link L, Sawyer J, Venkateswaran K, Nicholson W (2004) Extreme spore UV resistance of Bacillus pumilus isolates obtained from an ultraclean spacecraft assembly facility. Microbial Ecology47: 159–163
- Maki T, Kakikawa M, Kobayashi F, Yamada M, Matsuki A, Hasegawa H, Iwasaka Y (2013) Assessment of composition and origin of airborne bacteria in the free troposphere over Japan. Atmospheric Environment74: 73–82
- McKay CP, Friedmann EI, Gómez-Silva B, Cáceres-Villanueva L, Andersen DT, Landheim R (2003) Temperature and moisture conditions for life in the extreme arid region of the Atacama Desert: Four years of observations including the El Niño of 1997–1998. Astrobiology3: 393–406
- Mertens CJ, Gronoff GP, Norman RB, Hayes BM, Lusby TC, Straume T, Tobiska WK, Hands A, Ryden K, Benton E, Wiley S, Gersey B, Wilkins R, Xu X (2016) Cosmic radiation dose measurements from the RaD-X flight campaign. Space Weather14: 874–898
- Myriokefalitakis S, Fanourgakis G, Kanakidou M (2017) The contribution of bioaerosols to the organic carbon budget of the atmosphere. In Perspectives on Atmospheric Sciences, T Karacostas, A Bais, and PT Nastos (eds), pp 845–851. New York: Springer
- Narlikar J, Lloyd D, Wickramasinghe N, Harris MJ, Turner MP, Al-Mufti S, Wallis MK, Wainwright M, Rajaratnam P, Shivaji S (2003) A balloon experiment to detect microorganisms in the outer space. Astrophysics and Space Science285: 555–562
- NASA (2015) NASA Astrobiology Strategy. Washington, DC: National Aeronuatics and Space Administration, NASA/SP-2015-3710
- NASA (2014a) Scientific Balloons. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NP-2014-9-181-GSFC
- NASA (2014b) The Super Pressure Balloon (SPB). Washington, DC: National Aeronuatics and Space Administration, NP-2014-9-182-GSFC
- NCRP (1989) Guidance on Radiation Received in Space Activities. Bethesda, MD: US National Council for Radiation Protection and Measurements, Report #98
- NCRP (2006) Information Needed to Make Recommendations for Space Missions Beyond Low-Earth Orbit. Bethesda, MD: US National Council for Radiation Protection and Measurements, Report #153
- NCRP (1995) Radiation Exposure and High Altitude Flight. Bethesda, MD: US National Council for Radiation Protection and Measurements, Commentary #12
- Nicholson WL, Schuerger AC, Setlow P (2005) The solar UV environment and bacterial spore UV resistance: Considerations for Earth-to-Mars transport by natural processes and human spaceflight. Mutation Research571: 249–264
- Preston LJ, Dartnell LR (2014) Planetary habitability: Lessons learned from terrestrial analogues. International Journal of Astrobiology13: 81–98
- Preston R, Hildebrand C, Purcell G, Ellis J, Stelzried C, Finley S, Sagdeev R, Linkin V, Kerzhanovich V, Altunin V (1986) Determination of Venus winds by ground-based radio tracking of the VEGA balloons. Science231: 1414–1416
- Puspitasari F, Maki T, Shi G, Bin C, Kobayashi F, Hasegawa H, Iwasaka Y (2015) Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial species compositions in sand dunes and dust aerosol in an Asian dust source area, the Taklimakan Desert. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health9: 1–14
- Randel WJ, Jensen EJ (2013) Physical processes in the tropical tropopause layer and their roles in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience6: 169–176
- Schimmerling W (2003) Overview of NASA's space radiation research program. Gravitational and Space Biology Bulletin16: 5–10
- Schimmerling W (2011) The space radiation environment: An introduction. THREE, available at:
https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/concepts/SpaceRadiationEnviron.pdf - Schuerger AC, Nicholson WL (2006) Interactive effects of hypobaria, low temperature, and CO2 atmospheres inhibit the growth of mesophilic Bacillus spp. under simulated martian conditions. Icarus185: 143–152
- Schuerger AC, Nicholson WL (2016) Twenty species of hypobarophilic bacteria recovered from diverse soils exhibit growth under simulated martian conditions at 0.7 kPa. Astrobiology16: 964–976
- Schulze-Makuch D, Grinspoon DH, Abbas O, Irwin LN, Bullock MA (2004) A sulfur-based survival strategy for putative phototrophic life in the Venusian atmosphere. Astrobiology4: 11–18
- Schulze-Makuch D, Irwin LN (2002) Reassessing the possibility of life on Venus: Proposal for an astrobiology mission. Astrobiology2: 197–202
- Shivaji S, Chaturvedi P, Suresh K, Reddy GS, Dutt CB, Wainwright M, Narlikar JV, Bhargava PM (2006) Bacillus aerius sp. nov., Bacillus aerophilus sp. nov., Bacillus stratosphericus sp. nov. and Bacillus altitudinis sp. nov., isolated from cryogenic tubes used for collecting air samples from high altitudes. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology56:1465–1473
- Smets W, Moretti S, Denys S, Lebeer S (2016) Airborne bacteria in the atmosphere: Presence, purpose, and potential. Atmospheric Environment139: 214–221
- Smith DJ (2013) Microbes in the upper atmosphere and unique opportunities for astrobiology research. Astrobiology13: 981–990
- Smith DJ, Griffin DW, McPeters RD, Ward PD, Schuerger AC (2011) Microbial survival in the stratosphere and implications for global dispersal. Aerobiologia27: 319–332
- Smith DJ, Griffin DW, Schuerger AC (2009) Stratospheric microbiology at 20 km over the Pacific Ocean. Aerobiologia26: 35–46
- Smith DJ, Jaffe DA, Birmele MN, Griffin DW, Schuerger AC, Hee J, Roberts MS (2012) Free tropospheric transport of microorganisms from Asia to North America. Microbial Ecology64: 973–985
- Smith DJ, Thakrar PJ, Bharrat AE, Dokos AG, Kinney TL, James LM, Lane MA, Khodadad CL, Maguire F, Maloney PR (2014) A balloon-based payload for Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere (E-MIST). Gravitational and Space Research2: 70–80
- Smith DJ, Timonen HJ, Jaffe DA, Griffin DW, Birmele MN, Perry KD, Ward PD, Roberts MS (2013) Intercontinental dispersal of bacteria and archaea by transpacific winds. Applied and Environmental Microbiology79: 1134–1139
- Solomon S (1999) Stratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and history. Reviews of Geophysics37: 275–316
- Stepanov VG, Tirumalai MR, Montazari S, Checinska A, Venkateswaran K, Fox GE (2016) Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 genome revisited: Sequence update and re-annotation. PloS One11: e0157331
- Vaishampayan P, Probst AJ, La Duc MT, Bargoma E, Benardini JN, Andersen GL, Venkateswaran K (2013) New perspectives on viable microbial communities in low-biomass cleanroom environments. The ISME Journal7: 312–324
- Vaishampayan PA, Rabbow E, Horneck G, Venkateswaran KJ (2012) Survival of Bacillus pumilus spores for a prolonged period of time in real space conditions. Astrobiology12: 487–497
- Wainwright M, Wickramasinghe N, Narlikar J, Rajaratnam P (2003) Microorganisms cultured from stratospheric air samples obtained at 41 km. FEMS Microbiology Letters218: 161–165
- Ward JE (2013) The Super-TIGER instrument to probe galactic cosmic-ray origins. Bulletin of the American Physical Society58: L14.008
- Wiese C, Bechler B, Lorenzi G, Cogoli A (1988) Cultures of erythroleukemic cells (K-562) on a stratospheric balloon flight. In Terrestrial Space Radiation and Its Biological Effects, PD McCormack, CE Swenberg, and H Bucker (eds), pp 337–343. New York: Springer
- Wynn-Williams D, Edwards H (2000) Antarctic ecosystems as models for extraterrestrial surface habitats. Planetary and Space Science48: 1065–1075
- Yamaguchi N, Baba T, Ichijo T, Himezawa Y, Enoki K, Saraya M, Li P-F, Nasu M (2016) Abundance and community structure of bacteria on asian dust particles collected in Beijing, China, during the Asian dust season. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin39: 68–77
- Yamaguchi N, Ichijo T, Sakotani A, Baba T, Nasu M (2012) Global dispersion of bacterial cells on Asian dust. Scientific Reports2: 525
- Yu H, Remer LA, Chin M, Bian H, Tan Q, Yuan T, Zhang Y (2012) Aerosols from overseas rival domestic emissions over North America. Science337: 566–569
- Zurek RW, Barnes JR, Haberle RM, Pollack JB, Tillman JE, Leovy CB (1992) Dynamics of the atmosphere of Mars. In Mars, HH Kieffer, BM Jakosky, CW Snyder, and MS Mathews (eds), pp 835–933. Tucson: University of Arizona Press