Figure 1.
Mappings by VESGEN of increasing ectopic wing venation from variable overexpression of Hairless (H-C2). (Left Column, images reproduced from Johannes and Preiss, 2002) Venation in the adult Drosophila wing generated by overexpression of H-C2 (Classes 1-5) is compared to wild type (Class 0). We have labeled stereotyped vessels in the wild type according to the terminology of these authors and Blair, 2007. Asterisks indicate sensitive, variable regions identified by Johannes and Preiss, 2002, where ectopic veins can arise by H-C2 overexpression. Class 0 (wild type), no ectopic veins; Class 1 (H-C2), ectopic veins in distal region of the costal cells between LV1 and LV2; Class 2 (H-C2), ectopic veins distal between LV1 and LV2 and close to LV5 in marginal cells; Class 3 (H-C2), increased branching of ectopic veins with vein dots between LV4 and LV5; Class 4 (H-C2), increased branching and detachment of posterior CV from LV5; and Class 5 (H-C2), massive network of ectopic veins and veinlets. (Right Column) Maps generated by VESGEN compare stereotyped venation (red) with ectopic venation (orange).
Table 1.
Overexpression of Hairless (H-C2) induces an ectopic vein phenotype in the adult Drosophila wing, but does not significantly affect stereotyped venation patterning. Stereotyped and ectopic wing venation resulting from overexpression of H-C2 (Johannes and Preiss, 2002) was quantified by VESGEN in vascular maps (Figure 1) to obtain densities of vessel length (Lv, px px-2), vessel area (Av, px2 px-2), and vessel number (Nv, px-2). Results for the wild type and Class 5 wing are reproduced here.
| Phenotype | Wing Veins | Ectopic Veins | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lv | Av | Lv | Av | Nv | |
| Wild type | 0.0250 | 0.0789 | 0.0004 | 0.0006 | 1 |
| Class 5 veins Comparison to wild type | 0.0257 1.03× | 0.0892 1.13× | 0.0095 24× | 0.0254 42× | 18 18× |
Table 2.
Changes in mRNA expression of selected genes in space returned 3rd instar larvae that are involved in wing development.
| Gene Name | Fold Change | p-value | Biological Processes |
|---|---|---|---|
| vrille (CG14029) | -1.30 | 0.00 | Imaginal disc-derived wing hair organization and biogenesis |
| Absent, small, or homeotic discs 2 or ash2 (CG6677) | +0.60 | 0.00 | Imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis; Imaginal disc-derived wing vein specification; Phenotypes of alleles manifest in wing vein L3, wing margin |
| CTP:phospho-choline cytidylyl transferase 1 (CG1049) | +0.60 | 0.00 | Imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis |
| Pox neuro (CG8246) | -0.60 | 0.00 | Imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis; Phenotypes of alleles manifest in ventral wing blade |
| Bx42 (CG8264) | +0.50 | 0.00 | Notch signaling pathway; Phenotypes of alleles manifest in anterior cross vein |
Table 3.
Changes in mRNA expression of various genes of signaling pathways across wing disc and vein development in adult female flies.
| Gene Name | Fold Change | p-value | Biological Processes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Signaling Pathway | |||
| stem cell tumor (CG33166) | -1.50 | 0.00 | EGFR signaling pathway; Wing vein morphogenesis; Phenotypes of alleles manifest in wing vein |
| aveugle (CG30476) | -0.80 | 0.00 | EGFR signaling pathway; Phenotypes of alleles manifest in wing vein and wing disc |
| rhomboid-4 (CG1697) | +0.70 | 0.00 | EGFR signaling pathway; Phenotypes of alleles manifest in wing and wing vein |
| rhomboid-7 (CG8972) | -0.70 | 0.00 | EGFR signaling pathway; Expressed in developing wing veins |
| pointed (CG17077) | +0.80 | 0.00 | EGFR signaling pathway; Imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis |
| Notch Signaling Pathway | |||
| Sp1070 (CG9138) | +2.20 | 0.00 | Negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway; Notch binding |
| bunched (CG5461) | +1.90 | 0.00 | Negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway; Phenotypes of alleles manifest in wing discs |
| brainiac (CG4934) | -0.90 | 0.00 | Notch signaling pathway |
| shibire (CG18102) | +2.10 | 0.00 | Positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway; Wing vein extension; Veined wing generated song production |
| Hedgehog Receptor Activity | |||
| Smoothened (CG11561) | -0.80 | 0.00 | Negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway; Wing disc anterior/posterior pattern formation; Smoothened signaling pathway |
| Other | |||
| discs overgrown (CG2048) | +0.80 | 0.00 | Establishment of imaginal disc-derived wing hair orientation |
| piopio (CG2079) | +1.50 | 0.00 | Apposition of dorsal and ventral imaginal disc-derived wing surfaces; Imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis |
| held out wings (CG10293) | +0.90 | 0.00 | Apposition of dorsal and ventral imaginal disc-derived wing surfaces |
| penguin (CG1685) | -0.80 | 0.00 | Apposition of dorsal and ventral imaginal disc-derived wing surfaces |
| guftagu (CG11861) | +0.70 | 0.00 | Imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis |
| Downstream of kinase (CG2079) | -1.10 | 0.00 | Imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis; Phenotypes of alleles manifest in wing |
| glut4EF (CG34360) | +1.30 | 0.00 | Imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis; Phenotypes of alleles manifest in wing |