Fig 1.
(A) Location of the study site in relation to extents of ice sheets, (B) Location on the geological background (according to SMGP 1:50,000). Holocene: 1 – fluvial sand and mud; Vistulian: 2 – mineral-organic mud, 3 – deluvial sand and mud, 4 – fluvial sands; Warta Stadial: 5 – glaciofluvial sand, 6 – glaciofluvial sand and gravel, 7 – glacial sand with gravel, 8 – sand, gravel and boulder (morainic), 9 – glacial till; 10 – study site.
Table 1.
Results of lithological analysis for most samples of deposits used for luminescence dating.
| Sample | Ratios (phi) | Morphoscopy of quartz grains (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ID | Mz | σI | SkI | RM | EL | M | C | NU |
| J_1 | 2.2 | 1.5 | −0.5 | 34 | 10 | 31 | 19 | 6 |
| J_8 | 2.2 | 09. | 0.0 | 39 | 9 | 38 | 11 | 3 |
| J_9 | 2.1 | 1.2 | −0.3 | 35 | 9 | 36 | 16 | 4 |
| J_10 | 2.2 | 1.4 | −0.3 | 39 | 11 | 35 | 13 | 2 |
| J_11 | 3.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 37 | 11 | 30 | 17 | 5 |
| J_12 | 38 | 6 | 46 | 8 | 2 | |||
| J_13 | 1.6 | 2.0 | −0.1 | 50 | 4 | 38 | 6 | 2 |
| J_14 | 50 | 5 | 33 | 10 | 2 | |||
| J_15 | 4.9 | 3.4 | 0.7 | |||||
| J_16 | 4.4 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 28 | 18 | 36 | 15 | 3 |
| J_17 | 2.1 | 1.05 | −0.1 | 52 | 8 | 32 | 7 | 1 |
| J_18 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 49 | 3 | 37 | 9 | 2 |
| J_19 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 0.5 | 44 | 6 | 33 | 13 | 4 |
| J_20 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 0.1 | 45 | 9 | 33 | 12 | 1 |
| J_21 | 1.7 | 1.3 | −0.1 | 41 | 10 | 39 | 9 | 1 |
| J_22 | 1.7 | 1.1 | −0.1 | 45 | 9 | 35 | 9 | 2 |
| J_23 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 36 | 11 | 34 | 16 | 3 |
| J_24 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 38 | 8 | 38 | 14 | 2 |
| J_25 | 8.4 | 3.4 | 0.5 | 35 | 9 | 31 | 19 | 6 |
Fig 2.
Orthophotomap view of the Vistulian deposits sequence in sections I-V (their location is marked on topographic sketch below) with distinguished lithofacies (Table 2) and sampling sites for luminescence dating (Table 3).
Table 2.
Lithofacies code used in this study.
| Code | Texture |
| G | Gravel |
| S | Sand |
| F | Silt |
| C | Organic matter |
| Code | Structure |
| d | Deformed |
| m | Massive |
| h | Horizontal |
Table 3.
All important data for investigated luminescence samples: sample names, depth, radionuclide concentration, overdispersion, dose rate, equivalent dose (CAM model) and final age.
| Lab. code | Sample ID | Sample depth (cm) | Th (Bq/kg) | U (Bq/kg) | K (Bq/kg) | Dose rate (Gy/ka) | Overdispersion (%) | Equivalent dose (Gy) | OSL age (ka) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GdTL-3144 | J_1 | 100 | 5.9±0.2 | 4.7±0.2 | 195±6 | 0.91±0.04 | 10 | 18.2±0.6 | 19.9±1.0 |
| GdTL-3145 | J_2 | 205 | 7.8±0.2 | 5.7±0.2 | 198±6 | 0.93±0.04 | 10 | 15.0±0.5 | 16.1±0.8 |
| GdTL-3146 | J_3 | 175 | 9.8±0.2 | 7.9±0.2 | 249±7 | 1.14±0.04 | 14 | 17.8±0.7 | 15.6±0.9 |
| GdTL-3147 | J_4 | 105 | 14.1±0.3 | 12.2±0.2 | 351±10 | 1.59±0.06 | 5 | 20.9±0.5 | 13.1±0.5 |
| GdTL-3148 | J_5 | 230 | 6.6±0.2 | 6.2±0.2 | 185±5 | 0.88±0.05 | 5 | 19.5±0.5 | 22.1±1.0 |
| GdTL-3149 | J_6 | 215 | 6.4±0.2 | 6.4±0.2 | 196±6 | 0.91±0.04 | 18 | 19.1±1.0 | 20.9±1.4 |
| GdTL-3150 | J_7 | 200 | 10.0±0.2 | 8.1±0.2 | 224±6 | 1.07±0.06 | 7 | 17.0±0.5 | 15.8±0.7 |
| GdTL-3151 | J_8 | 203 | 8.3±0.2 | 7.4±0.2 | 210±6 | 1.00±0.04 | 9 | 19.3±0.6 | 19.2±0.9 |
| GdTL-3152 | J_9 | 160 | 6.9±0.2 | 5.8±0.2 | 205±6 | 0.94±0.04 | 5 | 16.9±0.5 | 17.9±0.8 |
| GdTL-3153 | J_10 | 140 | 6.0±0.2 | 5.1±0.2 | 189±5 | 0.88±0.04 | 8 | 17.0±0.5 | 19.3±0.9 |
| GdTL-3154 | J_11 | 210 | 10.9±0.3 | 9.3±0.2 | 337±9 | 1.42±0.06 | 10 | 108.2±3.6 | 76.1±3.8 |
| GdTL-3155 | J_12 | 165 | 7.9±0.2 | 7.0±0.2 | 216±6 | 1.01±0.04 | 13 | 16.7±0.7 | 16.4±0.9 |
| GdTL-3156 | J_13 | 130 | 7.5±0.2 | 7.6±0.2 | 200±6 | 0.98±0.04 | 12 | 17.8±0.8 | 18.1±1.0 |
| GdTL-3157 | J_14 | 90 | 11.5±0.3 | 10.1±0.2 | 285±8 | 1.34±0.05 | 13 | 19.9±0.8 | 14.8±0.8 |
| GdTL-3357 | J_15 | 190 | 15.6±0.3 | 12.8±0.3 | 380±10 | 1.67±0.06 | 12 | 110.5±3.8 | 66.1±3.3 |
| GdTL-3358 | J_16 | 210 | 21.1±0.4 | 18.5±0.3 | 437±11 | 2.00±0.07 | 13 | 100.2±4.2 | 50.0±2.6 |
| GdTL-3359 | J_17 | 187 | 5.5±0.2 | 5.0±0.2 | 177±5 | 0.83±0.04 | 8 | 13.1±0.4 | 15.8±0.7 |
| GdTL-3360 | J_18 | 140 | 10.6±0.3 | 9.8±0.2 | 229±7 | 1.16±0.04 | 20 | 25.7±1.3 | 22.0±1.4 |
| GdTL-3361 | J_19 | 135 | 10.8±0.3 | 8.8±0.2 | 284±8 | 1.28±0.05 | 18 | 14.3±0.8 | 11.0±1.0 |
| GdTL-3362 | J_20 | 145 | 13.2±0.3 | 12.0±0.3 | 271±8 | 1.33±0.05 | 16 | 22.8±1.0 | 17.2±0.9 |
| GdTL-3363 | J_21 | 125 | 12.0±0.3 | 10.2±0.2 | 272±7 | 1.29±0.05 | 16 | 14.6±0.7 | 11.2±0.6 |
| GdTL-3364 | J_22 | 170 | 6.1±0.2 | 5.3±0.2 | 187±6 | 0.87±0.04 | 22 | 6.7±0.4 | 7.6±0.5 |
| GdTL-3365 | J_23 | 100 | 6.4±0.2 | 6.2±0.2 | 190±6 | 0.93±0.04 | 8 | 10.4±0.3 | 11.5±0.5 |
| GdTL-3366 | J_24 | 90 | 6.3±0.2 | 5.42±0.2 | 181±5 | 0.89±0.04 | 20 | 11.3±0.6 | 12.6±0.8 |
| GdTL-3367 | J_25 | 80 | 21.3±0.5 | 19.2±0.3 | 409±11 | 1.98±0.07 | 10 | 28.1±0.9 | 14.1±0.6 |
[i] CAM, central age model; OSL, optically stimulated luminescence.
Table 4.
Luminescence dating (OSL) results for documented lithofacies, with relative probability density functions for equivalent dose distribution (Berger, 2010).
Fig 3.
Lithostratigraphical scheme of the Vistulian deposits at the Józefów site with OSL age results in relationship to the Vistulian climatostratigraphy. OSL, optically stimulated luminescence.