Fig 1.
Location of the Siedleszczany site on the map of Poland – A; and on the map of the Vistula valley near Tarnobrzeg – B.
Fig 2.
Morphological profile across the floor of the Vistula River valley and location of studied exposure at Siedleszczany. Location of cross-section line AB – see Fig. 1B.
Fig 3.
Location of described outcrops – A; and profiles of fluvial sediments with location of dating samples – B.
Table 1.
Results of OSL dating of fluvial sands at Siedleszczany profiles: laboratory code, depth of the samples, and dose rates.
| Lab. code | Depth (m) | Dose rate (Gy/ka) | Overdispersion (%) | Equivalent dose (Gy) | OSL age BP (a) | OSL age AD (a) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GdTL-4421 | 1.8 | 1.29 ± 0.05 | 13 | 0.78 ± 0.03 | 533 ± 33 | 1417 ± 33 |
| GdTL-4422 | 2.0 | 1.39 ± 0.06 | 21 | 0.58 ± 0.05 | 346 ± 40 | 1604 ± 40 |
| GdTL-4423 | 0.75 | 1.34 ± 0.06 | 28 | 0.73 ± 0.07 | 474 ± 57 | 1476 ± 57 |
| GdTL-4424 | 1.7 | 1.24 ± 0.05 | 29 | 1.57 ± 0.15 | 1200 ± 130 | 750 ± 130 |
[i] Overdispersion with equivalent dose and OSL ages obtained using the MAM or CAM model (Galbraith et al., 1999).
[ii] CAM, Central Age Model; MAM, Minimum Age Model.
Fig 4.
Photos of Siedleszczany 1, Siedleszczany 2 and Siedleszczany 4 profiles with location of OSL and 14C dating samples and samples for palynological analysis.
Fig 5.
Distribution of the relative probability density function for the results of dating of all investigated luminescence samples.
Table 2.
Results of radiocarbon dating at Siedleszczany 2 profile.
| Lab. code | Sample name | Depth (m) | 14C age BP | Calibrated age cal BP 68.3% conf. int. | Calibrated age cal BP 95.4% conf. int. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GdS-4598 | Siedleszczany 2, pr. 9 | 1.27–1.30 | 9790 ± 70 | 11,280–11,150 | 11,400–11,070 (91.2%) |
| 10,950–10,870 (4.2%) | |||||
| GdS-4597 | Siedleszczany 2, pr. 8 | 1.32–1.37 | 2950 ± 55 | 3210–3190 (3.3%) | 3330–3290 (3.3%) |
| 3180–3000 (65.0%) | 3260–2950 (92.1%) |
[i] Calibration was done using OxCal program v4.4.4 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) and calibration curve IntCal20 (Reimer et al., 2020).
Fig 6.
Results of calibration of two organic samples from the Siedleszczany 2 profile.
Table 3.
Pollen spectra from the profile Siedleszczany 4.
| Depth (cm) | Pre-Quaternary taxa | Quaternary taxa |
|---|---|---|
| 190–195 | Cathaya – 1 | Betula alba t. – 1 |
| Symplocos – 1 | Artemisia – 1 | |
| Cirillaceae/Clethraceae – 1 | Cyperaceae – 1 | |
| Bisaccatae strongly corroded – 10 | Polygonum bistorta – 1 | |
| Filicales Monolete – 1 | ||
| Corroded – 3 | ||
| 294–300 | Tsuga – 1 | Betula alba t. – 1 |
| Symplocos – 3 | Pinus silvestris t. – 1 | |
| Quercus (Tertiary) – 2 | Corylus – 3 | |
| Cathaya – 5 | Carpinus – 1 | |
| Taxodiaceae/Cupressaceae – 1 | Tilia (possibly Tiliopollenites) – 1 | |
| Bisaccate corroded – 20 | Artemisia – 1 | |
| Spores – 3 | Cyperaceae – 2 | |
| Corroded – 13 | Plantago major/media – 2 | |
| Varia – 2 | Rubiaceae – 1 | |
| Boraginaceae – 1 | ||
| Apiaceae – 1 | ||
| Pteridium – 1 | ||
| Pediastrum – 2 | ||
| Corroded – 1 | ||
| 325–330 | Cathaya – 1 | Betula alba t. – 2 |
| Bisaccatae corroded – 16 | Alnus glutinosa t. – 4 | |
| Varia (spores included) – 7 | Quercus – 4 | |
| Corroded – 10 | Corylus – 9 | |
| Fagus – 1 | ||
| Tilia cordata t. – 3 | ||
| Ulmus – 2 | ||
| Betula nana t. – 1 | ||
| Artemisia – 4 | ||
| Cyperaceae – 2 | ||
| Polygonum aviculare t. – 5 | ||
| Poaceae – 1 | ||
| Hypericum – 2 | ||
| Helianthemum – 2 | ||
| Fagopyrum – 2 | ||
| Plantago lanceolata – 1 | ||
| Cannabis/Hummulus – 1 | ||
| Cirsium/Carduus – 1 | ||
| Ranunculus acris t. – 1 | ||
| Centaurea rhenana t. – 1 | ||
| Cichoriaceae – 1 | ||
| Chenopodiaceae – 1 | ||
| Polygonum bistorta t. – 1 | ||
| Filicales Monoloetae – 12 | ||
| Pediastrum – 6 | ||
| Botryococcus – 1 |
Table 4.
Pollen spectra from profile Siedleszczany 3.
| Depth (cm) | pre-Quaternary taxa | Quaternary taxa |
|---|---|---|
| 195–202 | Bisaccatae corroded – 17 | Betula alba t. – 2 |
| Symplocos – 2 | Alnus glutinosa t. – 1 | |
| Tricoloporopollenites sp. – 1 | Corylus – 1 | |
| Spores – 1 | Populus – 3 | |
| Varia – 2 | Betula nana t. – 1 | |
| Corroded – 13 | Salix – 1 | |
| Poaceae – 1 | ||
| Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae – 8 | ||
| Rosaceae – 2 | ||
| Polygonum bistorta t. – 3 | ||
| Artemisia – 1 | ||
| Papilionaceae – 1 | ||
| Linum – 1 | ||
| Cerastium t. – 1 | ||
| Cichoriaceae – 1 | ||
| Lycopodium complanatum – 1 | ||
| Sphagnum – 1 |