Fig 1.
Radiocarbon measurement process by AMS technique in the Gliwice Radiocarbon and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory. AMS, accelerator mass spectrometry.
Table 1.
Reproducibility test for radiocarbon measurements in bio-oil fuels.
| Sample name | Laboratory code | Number of experiment | 14C concentration (pMC) | Average 14C concentration (pMC) | χ2 test for α = 0.05 CV = 5.99 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bio-oil-1 | GdA-6968.1.5 | Experiment-1 | 27.72 ± 0.59 | 28.14 ± 0.36 | χ2 = 1.21 |
| GdA-6968.1.3 | Experiment-2 | 28.31 ± 0.18 | Significant | ||
| GdA-6968.1.4 | Experiment-3 | 28.40 ± 0.19 | |||
| GdA-6968.1.2 | Experiment-4 | 29.46 ± 0.56* | |||
| Bio-oil-2 | GdA-6969.1.1 | Experiment-1 | 74.71 ± 0.32 | 74.95 ± 0.22 | χ2 = 1.08 |
| GdA-6969.1.2 | Experiment-2 | 74.95 ± 0.32 | Significant | ||
| GdA-6969.1.3 | Experiment-3 | 75.18 ± 0.32 | |||
| GdA-6969.1.5 | Experiment-4 | 76.07 ± 0.32* | |||
| GdA-6969.1.4 | Experiment-5 | 73.29 ± 0.32* | |||
| Bio-oil-3 | GdA-6970.1.1 | Experiment-1 | 113.00 ± 0.28 | 112.92 ± 0.07 | χ2 = 0.15 |
| GdA-6970.1.2 | Experiment-2 | 112.85 ± 0.28 | Significant | ||
| GdA-6970.1.5 | Experiment-3 | 112.91 ± 0.28 | |||
| GdA-6970.1.3 | Experiment-4 | 110.85 ± 0.40* | |||
| GdA-6970.1.4 | Experiment-5 | 110.11 ± 0.41* | |||
| Pistachio shell (reference material) | GdA-6971.1.1 | Experiment-1 | 102.58 ± 0.29 | 102.61 ± 0.21 | χ2 = 0.41 |
| GdA-6971.1.2 | Experiment-2 | 102.82 ± 0.29 | Significant | ||
| GdA-6971.1.3 | Experiment-3 | 102.61 ± 0.29 |
Fig 2.
Graphical presentation of reproducibility test for radiocarbon measurement in bio-oils by AMS; 2-sigma error bars are invisible at this scale. AMS, accelerator mass spectrometry.
Table 2.
Calculated radiocarbon, carbon and biocarbon contents in bio-oil samples.
| Sample name | Lab. code | Carbon content in % by mass | 14C content (average) [pMC] | Biogenic carbon content relative to the reference value (xB) | Biogenic carbon content in % by mass (xTCB) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bio-oil-1 | GdA-6968 | 79.7 ± 1.7 | 28.14 ± 0.36 | 27.43 ± 0.42 | 21.87 ± 1.76 |
| Bio-oil-2 | GdA-6969 | 68.7 ± 2.1 | 74.95 ± 0.22 | 73.04 ± 0.30 | 50.16 ± 2.09 |
| Bio-oil-3 | GdA-6970 | 47.0 ± 1.1 | 112.92 ± 0.07 | 110.04 ± 0.22 | 51.73 ± 1.10 |
| Reference material | GdA-6971 | 48.82 ± 0.25 | 102.61 ± 0.21 | 100.00 ± 0.29 | 48.82 ± 0.39 |
[i] pMC, percent modern carbon.
Fig 3.
Calibration of F14C results for bio-oil sample-3 (A) and the pistachio shell reference sample (B) and Ox Cal v.4.4 (Bronk Ramsey, 2009) using the post-bomb atmospheric NH1 curve (Reimer et al., 2004; Hua et al., 2022). The F14C values are used commonly in the calibration process, and the relation to pMC is pMC = F14C*100 (Stenström et al., 2011). pMC, percent modern carbon.