Fig 1.
(A) – Map indicating the location of the study area in the Swiss Alpine foreland with the extent of the LGM ice cover (blue-green) and overdeepened structures below the present day land surface (grey). (B) – Detailed map of the Wehntal with the location of previous (white circles) and present (black circles) sites investigated in the village of Niederweningen (modified after Dehnert et al., 2012). LGM, last glaciation maximum.
Fig 2.
Logs of the cores NW2018/2 and NW2018/3 illustrating the LTs, lithology and OSL sample locations as well as the layer model used for the individual OSL samples. LTs, lithotypes; OSL, optically stimulated luminescence.
Table 1.
Overview of samples and their sedimentary context.
| Sample | Depth (cm) | Sedimentary context |
|---|---|---|
| NW18/2-11 | 148 | Located within a thick sequence of light grey to dark grey sandy, muddy silts |
| NW18/2-10 | 224 | Same as aNW18/2-11, with the sand fraction more dominant |
| NW18/2-09 | 375 | Located about 40 cm above the peat-rich interval in a dark grey silt, with 15–cm-thick organic-rich silty clay separating the sampled silt from the uppermost peat |
| NW18/2-21 | 430 | Within the topmost muddy-silty peat, which has a thickness of ~30 cm. Over and underlain by organic-rich silty clays |
| NW18/2-08 | 442 | Located at the top of 20-cm-thick silty clay, which sits in between two at least 30-cm-thick compacted silty peat layers |
| NW18/2-22 | 455 | Same as NW18/2-08 but at the bottom of the silty clay layer |
| NW18/2-23 | 530 | Within a thin (~15 cm) silty gyttia layer, which is over and underlain by black muddy peats with few wood fragments |
| NW18/2-07 | 545 | Within a thin (~10 cm) organic-rich sandy silt with plant remains. Overlain by black muddy peats and underlain by a dark brown peat with many large wood fragments |
| NW18-2-24 | 570 | Within a dark brown silty peat with many large wooden fragments, overlain by a thin (~10 cm) organic-rich sandy silt with plant remains and overlying a thick dark grey silty clay with organic-rich layers |
| NW18/2-06 | 610 | Located at the top of dark grey silty clay with organic-rich layers, overlain by a dark grey organic-rich silt |
| NW18/2-25 | 749 | Located within a thin (~15 cm) light grey to white silt with small plant remains and mollusc shells which is interbedded between a black muddy peat (top) and silty gyttia (bottom) |
| NW18/2-05 | 788 | Within a thick light grey silt with mollusc shells |
| NW18/3-11 | 232 | Located within a grey sandy, pebbly silt with plant remains. Overlain by a graded sand and overlying a compacted thin black silty peat |
| NW18/3-21 | 323 | A thin (8 cm) grey silt with small plant remains, interbedded within compacted silted peats |
| NW18/3-10 | 335 | Dark grey silty organic-rich clay, over and underlain by very thin (<5 cm) silt and sandy layers which are packaged within black peats |
| NW18/3-09 | 406 | Within a dark grey sandy silt with plant remains and peat fragments. Overlain by a dark grey pebbly sand and underlain by a black compacted peat |
| NW18/3-22 | 438 | Within a thick (~45 cm) black peat layer, which is over and underlain by organic-rich grey silts |
| NW18/3-23 | 496 | Within a thin (10 cm) light grey silt with mollusc shells. Overlain by a dark brown organic-rich sand silt and overlying a thin layer of black peat |
| NW18/3-08 | 518 | At the top of a thick (>1 m) light grey sandy silt, overlain by an organic-rich sand silt with small plant remains |
Fig 3.
Characterisation of luminescence properties exemplified for sample NW19-3-8. Shown are (A) OSL and (B) IRSL decay curves together with the sensitivity change observed during the course of the SAR protocol (plot of Tn/Tx), (C) dose–response curves for both OSL and IRSL, and (D) plot of mean (CAM) OSL versus IRSL De values. IRSL, infrared stimulated luminescence; OSL, optically stimulated luminescence; SAR, single-aliquot regenerative dose; CAM, Central Age Model.
Table 2.
Results of repeated gamma spectrometry measurements of reference material ‘Koeln Loess’ in comparison with NAA and reference values.
| Parent nuclide | Daughter nuclide | Energy (keV) | Meas. 1 12/2019 | Meas. 2 06/2020 | Meas. 3 10/2020 | Meas. 4 4/2021 | NAA | Reference Potts et al. (2003) (IAG, 2022) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity (Bq/kg) | ||||||||
| U-238 | Th-234 | 63.3 | 28.0 ± 1.2 | 35.6 ± 1.4 | 33.9 ± 1.4 | 34.3 ± 1.4 | ||
| Pb-214 | 295.2 | 32.1 ± 0.7 | 34.1 ± 0.7 | 33.8 ± 0.7 | 34.2 ± 0.7 | |||
| Pb-214 | 351.9 | 32.0 ± 0.7 | 33.2 ± 0.7 | 33.6 ± 0.7 | 33.3 ± 0.7 | |||
| Bi-214 | 609.3 | 31.9 ± 0.7 | 33.3 ± 0.7 | 33.5 ± 0.7 | 33.0 ± 0.7 | |||
| Bi-214 | 1120.3 | 29.5 ± 0.6 | 36.5 ± 0.8 | 33.5 ± 0.7 | 35.1 ± 0.7 | |||
| Bi-214 | 1764.5 | 32.8 ± 0.7 | 34.1 ± 0.7 | 33.6 ± 0.7 | 32.7 ± 0.7 | |||
| Mean | 31.6 ± 1.3 | 34.2 ± 1.3 | 33.6 ± 0.1 | 33.6 ± 0.9 | ||||
| Concentration | (ppm) | 2.56 ± 0.10 | 2.77 ± 0.10 | 2.72 ± 0.01 | 2.72 ± 0.08 | 2.49 ± 0.19 | 2.70 ± 0.19 (2.75 ± 0.09) | |
| Th-232 | Ac-228 | 338.3 | 32.4 ± 0.7 | 32.5 ± 0.7 | 34.1 ± 0.8 | 32.0 ± 0.7 | ||
| Ac-228 | 911.1 | 34.0 ± 0.8 | 32.9 ± 0.7 | 32.4 ± 0.7 | 32.7 ± 0.7 | |||
| Ac-228 | 969.1 | 34.2 ± 0.8 | 33.3 ± 0.7 | 31.7 ± 0.7 | 31.7 ± 0.7 | |||
| Pb-212 | 238.6 | 32.1 ± 0.6 | 33.3 ± 0.7 | 33.1 ± 0.7 | 32.8 ± 0.6 | |||
| Tl-208 | 583.2 | 33.3 ± 0.8 | 33.7 ± 0.8 | 33.0 ± 0.7 | 33.6 ± 0.8 | |||
| Mean | 33.1 ± 1.0 | 33.1 ± 0.5 | 32.8 ± 1.8 | 32.5 ± 0.7 | ||||
| Concentration | (ppm) | 8.16 ± 0.24 | 8.16 ± 0.12 | 8.10 ± 0.45 | 8.02 ± 0.17 | 7.68 ± 0.39 | 8.11 ± 0.47 (8.27 ± 0.21) | |
| K-40 | - | 1460.8 | 339.1 ± 7.0 | 336.5 ± 6.8 | 335.0 ± 6.8 | 335.6 ± 6.8 | ||
| Concentration | (%) | 1.10 ± 0.02 | 1.09 ± 0.02 | 1.08 ± 0.02 | 1.09 ± 0.02 | 1.04 ± 0.06 | 1.08 ± 0.02 (1.11 ± 0.01) | |
[i] NAA, neutron activation analyses.
[ii] The spectrometer used was calibrated against values given in Potts et al. (2003).
[iii] Conversion of activity into concentrations follows Guérin et al. (2011).
[iv] Bold values represent mean activity values.
Fig 4.
Gamma ray spectrum of the reference loess material (Koeln Loess). Sample weight: 160.5 g, measurement time: 584,786 s. Selected peaks are labelled with the corresponding nuclide names, red: U-238 daughter nuclides, blue: Th-232 daughter nuclides. The inset focusses on the lower energy range of the spectrum from 0 keV to 400 keV.
Table 3.
Concentration of dose rate-relevant elements (K, Th, U) determined by both NAA and HR-GS.
| Sample | Depth (cm) | KNAA (%) | KGS (%) | ThNAA (ppm) | ThGS (ppm) | U-238NAA (ppm) | U-238GS (ppm) | Ra-226GS (ppm UE) | U/Ra Ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loess Ref | - | 1.11 ± 0.01 | 1.11 ± 0.01 | 8.27 ± 0.21 | 8.27 ± 0.21 | 2.75 ± 0.09 | 2.75 ± 0.09 | - | - |
| Loess Test | - | 1.04 ± 0.06 | 1.08 ± 0.02 | 7.68 ± 0.39 | 8.27 ± 0.45 | 2.49 ± 0.19 | 2.33 ± 0.23 | 2.62 ± 0.13 | - |
| NW18/2-11 | 148 | 1.85 ± 0.09 | 1.68 ± 0.03 | 8.2 ± 0.4 | 7.86 ± 0.17 | 2.01 ± 0.10 | 2.02 ± 0.13 | 2.99 ± 0.08 | 0.67 |
| NW18/2-10 | 224 | 1.72 ± 0.09 | 1.85.0.04 | 8.7 ± 0.4 | 8.26 ± 0.16 | 8.38 ± 0.42 | 7.36 ± 0.20 | 3.19 ± 0.06 | 2.31 |
| NW18/2-09 | 375 | 1.65 ± 0.08 | 1.75 ± 0.04 | 5.8 ± 0.3 | 5.34 ± 0.18 | 3.37 ± 0.22 | 2.94 ± 0.14 | 2.14 ± 0.06 | 1.37 |
| NW18/2-21 | 430 | 0.61 ± 0.03 | 0.70 ± 0.02 | 7.0 ± 0.4 | 7.54 ± 0.30 | 5.03 ± 0.30 | 7.30 ± 0.24 | 4.46 ± 0.13 | 1.64 |
| NW18/2-08 | 442 | 1.07 ± 0.06 | 1.31 ± 0.03 | 9.2 ± 0.5 | 10.51 ± 0.20 | 5.20 ± 0.31 | 6.57 ± 0.27 | 5.66 ± 0.35 | 1.16 |
| NW18/2-22 | 455 | 0.90 ± 0.05 | 0.96 ± 0.02 | 7.9 ± 0.4 | 8.28 ± 0.26 | 4.69 ± 0.27 | 5.98 ± 0.27 | 4.49 ± 0.15 | 1.33 |
| NW18/2-23 | 530 | 0.79 ± 0.04 | 0.86 ± 0.02 | 11.6 ± 0.6 | 12.59 ± 0.36 | 22.20 ± 1.11 | 29.03 ± 0.64 | 15.24 ± 0.27 | 1.90 |
| NW18/2-07 | 545 | 1.31 ± 0.07 | 1.44 ± 0.03 | 9.1 ± 0.5 | 9.18 ± 0.31 | 13.79 ± 0.68 | 12.29 ± 0.35 | 7.56 ± 0.21 | 1.63 |
| NW18-2-24 | 570 | 0.81 ± 0.04 | 0.84 ± 0.02 | 8.8 ± 0.4 | 8.70 ± 0.20 | 21.47 ± 1.09 | 24.88 ± 0.58 | 9.42 ± 0.09 | 2.64 |
| NW18/2-06 | 610 | 1.22 ± 0.06 | 1.46 ± 0.03 | 16.4 ± 0.8 | 17.15 ± 0.35 | 9.80 ± 0.47 | 9.79 ± 0.32 | 7.80 ± 0.22 | 1.26 |
| NW18/2-25 | 749 | 1.16 ± 0.06 | 1.25 ± 0.03 | 8.5 ± 0.4 | 8.70 ± 0.20 | 5.62 ± 0.36 | 5.14 ± 0.20 | 3.88 ± 0.13 | 1.32 |
| NW18/2-05 | 788 | 1.13 ± 0.06 | 1.21 ± 0.03 | 6.7 ± 0.3 | 6.55 ± 0.14 | 2.05 ± 0.1 | 1.73 ± 0.12 | 2.05 ± 0.13 | 0.85 |
| NW18/3-11 | 232 | 1.52 ± 0.08 | 1.69 ± 0.04 | 9.5 ± 0.5 | 9.92 ± 0.09 | 12.57 ± 0.68 | 12.10 ± 0.33 | 4.34 ± 0.18 | 2.79 |
| NW18/3-21 | 323 | 1.44 ± 0.07 | 1.47 ± 0.03 | 11.5 ± 0.6 | 11.96 ± 0.39 | 5.62 ± 0.24 | 6.71 ± 0.24 | 4.67 ± 0.07 | 1.44 |
| NW18/3-10 | 335 | 1.84 ± 0.09 | 1.98 ± 0.04 | 14.4 ± 0.7 | 14.13 ± 0.22 | 4.17 ± 0.21 | 4.00 ± 0.20 | 4.45 ± 0.07 | 0.90 |
| NW18/3-09 | 406 | 1.86 ± 0.10 | 1.92 ± 0.04 | 10.9 ± 0.6 | 10.21 ± 0.22 | 2.57 ± 0.17 | 2.14 ± 0.13 | 2.93 ± 0.03 | 0.73 |
| NW18/3-22 | 438 | 1.20 ± 0.06 | 1.28 ± 0.03 | 8.8 ± 0.4 | 8.32 ± 0.19 | 8.03 ± 0.40 | 8.48 ± 0.26 | 5.73 ± 0.12 | 1.48 |
| NW18/3-23 | 496 | 1.47 ± 0.08 | 1.53 ± 0.03 | 8.5 ± 0.4 | 8.38 ± 0.13 | 3.03 ± 0.20 | 3.05 ± 0.16 | 2.95 ± 0.06 | 1.03 |
| NW18/3-08 | 518 | 1.40 ± 0.07 | 1.53 ± 0.03 | 8.6 ± 0.4 | 8.22 ± 0.17 | 2.50 ± 0.17 | 2.17 ± 0.14 | 2.39 ± 0.08 | 0.91 |
[i] HR-GS, high-resolution gamma spectrometry; NAA, neutron activation analyses.
[ii] For the latter method, the concentration of U-238 and Ra-226 (average of all post-radon isotopes) is given.
[iii] The ratio of the two values indicates surplus (if >1.00) or deficit (if <1.00) of nuclides from the early part of the decay chain.
[iv] The implications of such radioactive disequilibria are discussed in Section 4.4.
[v] The concentration of Ra-226 is given as uranium equivalent concentrations (UE), that is, as uranium concentration of an equilibrated decay system with the Ra-226 activity as analysed.
[vi] The real Ra-226 concentration is by a factor of 2.8 106 lower than the U-238 concentration.
Fig 5.
Comparison of the results of NAA and HR-GS for potassium (A,B), thorium (C,D) and uranium (E,F). HR-GS, high-resolution gamma spectrometry; NAA, neutron activation analyses.
Fig 6.
Sediment moisture at the time of sampling plotted versus water absorption capacity. Note that the water absorption capacity of all samples is higher than the sediment moisture. The organic content also influences the water content, with samples with a high organic content featuring higher water contents. Dashed = 1:1 line, dotted line: y = x + 25.
Table 4.
Listing the three different water contents used to test the influence of water content on dose rate calculations.
| Sample | Litho-type | Organic content (%) | Sediment moisture (%) | Water absorption capacity (%) | Water absorption + 25% (%) | Long-term content (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NW18/2-11 | 3f | 3 | 15 | 38 | - | 25 ± 5 |
| NW18/2-10 | 3f | 5 | 20 | 41 | - | 30 ± 5 |
| NW18/2-09 | 3f | 3 | 12 | 34 | - | 25 ± 5 |
| NW18/2-21 | 1b | 51 | - | 160 | 200 | 180 ± 10 |
| NW18/2-08 | 2b | 47 | 96 | 100 | 125 | 110 ± 10 |
| NW18/2-22 | 2b | 36 | 73 | 95 | 119 | 100 ± 10 |
| NW18/2-23 | 1a | 24 | 40 | 96 | 120 | 100 ± 10 |
| NW18/2-07 | 3d | 18 | 57 | 74 | 92 | 75 ± 5 |
| NW18-2-24 | 1c | 51 | 21 | 68 | 85 | 75 ± 5 |
| NW18/2-06 | 2b | 20 | 43 | 77 | 96 | 75 ± 5 |
| NW18/2-25 | 3c | 7 | - | 62 | - | 60 ± 5 |
| NW18/2-05 | 3c | 2 | 25 | 50 | - | 40 ± 5 |
| NW18/3-11 | 3f | 17 | 24 | 48 | - | 40 ± 5 |
| NW18/3-21 | 3f | 24 | - | 64 | - | 55 ± 5 |
| NW18/3-10 | 2b | 6 | 27 | 59 | - | 45 ± 5 |
| NW18/3-09 | 3f | 3 | 17 | 40 | - | 30 ± 5 |
| NW18/3-22 | 1b | 20 | 35 | 54 | 67 | 60 ± 5 |
| NW18/3-23 | 3c | 15 | 29 | 54 | 67 | 60 ± 5 |
| NW18/3-08 | 3b | 2 | 19 | 42 | - | 35 ± 5 |
[i] Samples with numbers larger than 20 had been sampled more than a year after the core had been taken.
[ii] As these samples had almost completely dried out, sediment moisture was not determined.
Fig 7.
Illustrating the impact of different water contents on the IRSL ages of core NW18/2 (A,B) and NW18/3 (C,D). A and C show the absolute values, whereas B and D display the ratio in comparison to the estimated water content. Closed circles (scenario 1): sediment moisture determined after sampling. Triangles (scenario 2): maximum water adsorption capacity measured in the laboratory, including adding 25% for peat samples. Open circles (scenario 3): estimated long-term water content based on the sediment properties and the water contents determined by scenarios 1 and 2. Scenario 3 is our preference and is used in the following when applying other correction factors than water content. IRSL, infrared stimulated luminescence.
Fig 8.
Illustration of the layer model used to analyse the impact of inhomogeneous radiation fields. The parameters t, x1 and x2 describe the location of the sample within the stratigraphic setting.
Fig 9.
Boxplots of the radionuclide content of each LT. (A) – Potassium, (B) – thorium, (C) – uranium. Note the high variations in K and Th content for LT 2b (silty, organic-rich clays). HRGS, high-resolution gamma spectrometry; LT, lithotype.
Fig 10.
Illustrating the impact of layer correction on the IRSL ages of core NW18/2 (A,B) and NW18/3 (C,D), both given as absolute values and a ratio in comparison to the age calculated without layer correction (using the estimated water content, as discussed in Section 4.2). IRSL, infrared stimulated luminescence.
Fig 11.
Illustrating the impact of different scenarios of correction for radioactive disequilibrium on the IRSL ages of core NW18/2 (A,B) and NW18/3 (C,D). The central column represents a simplified stratigraphy of the sediment sequence for comparison; details are given in Fig. 6. IRSL, infrared stimulated luminescence.
Table 5.
Calculated dose rate data with sample code and composite depth, and estimated long-term water content.
| Sample | Depth (cm) | W (%) | Dose rate Q1 (Gy ka−1) | Dose rate Q2 (Gy ka−1) | Dose rate Q3 (Gy ka−1) | Dose rate F1 (Gy ka−1) | Dose rate F2 (Gy ka−1) | Dose rate F3 (Gy ka−1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NW18/2-11 | 148 | 25 ± 5 | 2.89 ± 0.14 | 2.89 ± 0.14 | 2.84...2.94 ± 0.16 | 3.18 ± 0.22 | 3.18 ± 0.22 | 3.12...3.24 ± 0.25 |
| NW18/2-10 | 224 | 30 ± 5 | 2.96 ± 0.12 | 2.95 ± 0.12 | 2.91...2.93 ± 0.13 | 3.25 ± 0.21 | 3.24 ± 0.21 | 3.18...3.21 ± 0.23 |
| NW18/2-09 | 375 | 25 ± 5 | 2.48 ± 0.10 | 2.48 ± 0.10 | 2.44...2.47 ± 0.12 | 2.69 ± 0.15 | 2.70 ± 0.15 | 2.66...2.69 ± 0.15 |
| NW18/2-21 | 430 | 180 ± 10 | - | - | - | 1.21 ± 0.09 | 1.23 ± 0.09 | 1.05...1.17 ± 0.09 |
| NW18/2-08 | 442 | 110 ± 10 | - | - | - | 2.59 ± 0.22 | 2.46 ± 0.22 | 1.99...2.10 ± 0.19 |
| NW18/2-22 | 455 | 100 ± 10 | 1.66 ± 0.13 | 1.60 ± 0.12 | 1.44...1.53 ± 0.15 | 1.88 ± 0.15 | 1.82 ± 0.14 | 1.61...1.73 ± 0.14 |
| NW18/2-23 | 530 | 100 ± 10 | - | - | - | 3.97 ± 0.40 | 3.73 ± 0.39 | 4.59 ± 0.51 |
| NW18/2-07 | 545 | 75 ± 5 | - | - | - | 3.07 ± 0.24 | 2.98 ± 0.23 | 2.85...2.98 ± 0.23 |
| NW18-2-24 | 570 | 75 ± 5 | - | - | - | 3.12 ± 0.27 | 3.10 ± 0.27 | 2.51...2.94 ± 0.27 |
| NW18/2-06 | 610 | 75 ± 5 | - | - | - | 3.61 ± 0.29 | 3.60 ± 0.29 | 3.50...3.58 ± 0.29 |
| NW18/2-25 | 749 | 60 ± 5 | 1.71 ± 0.09 | 1.82 ± 0.09 | 1.84...2.09 ± 0.13 | 1.89 ± 0.12 | 2.00 ± 0.12 | 2.06...2.34 ± 0.18 |
| NW18/2-05 | 788 | 40 ± 5 | - | - | - | 2.02 ± 0.19 | 2.02 ± 0.19 | no dis. |
| NW18/3-11 | 232 | 40 ± 5 | 2.98 ± 0.15 | 2.93 ± 0.15 | 2.88...2.90 ± 0.17 | 3.32 ± 0.23 | 3.27 ± 0.15 | 3.24...3.25 ± 0.24 |
| NW18/3-21 | 323 | 55 ± 5 | 2.72 ± 0.19 | 2.49 ± 0.18 | 2.47...2.49 ± 0.23 | 3.05 ± 0.22 | 2.82 ± 0.22 | 2.75...2.81 ± 0.23 |
| NW18/3-10 | 335 | 45 ± 5 | 3.35 ± 0.15 | 3.24 ± 0.15 | no dis. | 3.73 ± 0.26 | 3.62 ± 0.26 | no dis. |
| NW18/3-09 | 406 | 30 ± 5 | - | - | - | 3.36 ± 0.27 | 3.32 ± 0.21 | 3.34...3.51 ± 0.24 |
| NW18/3-22 | 438 | 60 ± 5 | - | - | - | 2.82 ± 0.21 | 2.83 ± 0.21 | 2.54...2.74 ± 0.21 |
| NW18/3-23 | 496 | 60 ± 5 | 2.01 ± 0.11 | 2.08 ± 0.10 | no dis. | 2.31 ± 0.15 | 2.30 ± 0.15 | no dis. |
| NW18/3-08 | 518 | 35 ± 5 | 2.36 ± 0.10 | 2.37 ± 0.10 | no dis. | 2.60 ± 0.16 | 2.61 ± 0.16 | no dis. |
[i] Dose rates are given for both quartz (Q) and polymineral fine-grains (F) for three different scenarios: (1) using ‘standard’ scenario with estimated water content, (2) using estimated water content and layer correction and (3) estimated water content, layer correction and considering radioactive disequilibrium with the uncertainty related to the two different scenarios (given are the lower and upper dose rate estimates, which share the same uncertainty).
[ii] For the latter column, a mean value is given as the dose rate in the presence of radioactive disequilibrium changes with time.
Table 6.
Mean De values (CAM) and resulting ages with sample code, composite depth and number of replicate measurement (quartz/feldspar) for OSL and IRSL.
| Sample | Depth (cm) | n | OSL De (Gy) | IRSL De (Gy) | OSL Age1 (ka) | OSL Age2 (ka) | OSL Age3 (ka) | IRSL Age1 (ka) | IRSL Age2 (ka) | IRSL Age3 (ka) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NW18/2-11 | 148 | 5/7 | 303.9 ± 8.7 | 341.6 ± 11.6 | 105 ± 5 | 105 ± 5 | 103...107 ± 5 | 107 ± 7 | 107 ± 7 | 105...109 ± 7 |
| NW18/2-10 | 224 | 5/7 | 235.4 ± 4.7 | 302.8 ± 9.3 | 79.6 ± 3.3 | 79.8 ± 3.3 | 80...81 ± 3 | 93.1 ± 6.1 | 93.3 ± 6.1 | 94...95 ± 6 |
| NW18/2-09 | 375 | 5/7 | 212.3 ± 4.8 | 190.8 ± 3.3 | 85.6 ± 3.6 | 85.5 ± 3.6 | 86...87 ± 4 | 70.9 ± 3.9 | 70.8 ± 3.9 | 71...72 ± 4 |
| NW18/2-21 | 430 | -/6 | - | 206.3 ± 5.1 | - | - | - | 171 ± 13 | 167 ± 13 | 177...197 ± 13 |
| NW18/2-08 | 442 | -/7 | - | 191.8 ± 7.0 | - | - | - | 74.1 ± 6.4 | 77.8 ± 7.0 | 91...96 ± 7 |
| NW18/2-22 | 455 | 5/6 | 165.9 ± 10.0 | 223.1 ± 5.2.4 | 100.1 ± 7.6 | 103.9 ± 7.9 | 109...115 ± 8 | 119 ± 9 | 123 ± 10 | 129...138 ± 10 |
| NW18/2-23 | 530 | -/6 | - | 148.9 ± 5.5 | - | - | - | 37.5 ± 3.7 | 39.9 ± 4.2 | 28...32 ± 3 |
| NW18/2-07 | 545 | -/7 | - | 197.8 ± 3.6 | - | - | - | 64.5 ± 5.0 | 66.3 ± 5.2 | 66...69 ± 5 |
| NW18-2-24 | 570 | -/6 | - | 254.7 ± 7.5 | - | - | - | 125 ± 7 | 115 ± 10 | 87...102 ± 8 |
| NW18/2-06 | 610 | -/7 | - | 248.0 ± 4.6 | - | - | - | 68.8 ± 5.5 | 68.8 ± 5.5 | 69...71 ± 6 |
| NW18/2-25 | 749 | 5/6 | 246.50 ± 9.0 | 310.80 ± 8.7 | 144 ± 8 | 135 ± 7 | 118...134 ± 7 | 164 ± 11 | 155 ± 10 | 133...151 ± 11 |
| NW18/2-05 | 788 | -/7 | - | 170.8 ± 4.6 | - | - | - | 84.4 ± 5.5 | 84.4 ± 5.5 | no dis. |
| NW18/3-11 | 232 | 5/7 | 202.6 ± 6.5 | 198.4 ± 5.2 | 67.9 ± 3.5 | 69.0 ± 3.5 | 70 ± 4 | 59.7 ± 4.2 | 60.7 ± 2.7 | 61 ± 4 |
| NW18/3-21 | 323 | 5/6 | 181.8 ± 10.4 | 243.0 ± 5.7 | 67.0 ± 4.7 | 72.9 ± 5.3 | 73...74 ± 5 | 79.7 ± 5.8 | 86.0 ± 6.7 | 86...88 ± 7 |
| NW18/3-10 | 335 | 5/6 | 276.0 ± 6.3 | 288.0 ± 7.6 | 82.5 ± 3.7 | 85.2 ± 3.9 | no dis. | 77.3 ± 5.4 | 79.6 ± 5.7 | no dis. |
| NW18/3-09 | 406 | -/7 | - | 310.8 ± 6.6 | - | - | - | 92.6 ± 7.5 | 93.5 ± 5.9 | 89...93 ± 6 |
| NW18/3-22 | 438 | -/6 | - | 242.9 ± 5.8 | - | - | - | 86.2 ± 6.6 | 85.9 ± 6.5 | 89...96 ± 7 |
| NW18/3-23 | 496 | 5/5 | 202.2 ± 6.0 | 236.2 ± 7.3 | 97.0 ± 4.5 | 97.1 ± 4.5 | no dis. | 102 ± 7 | 103 ± 7 | no dis. |
| NW18/3-08 | 518 | 5/7 | 239.8 ± 5.7 | 259.7 ± 4.9 | 102 ± 5 | 101 ± 4 | no dis. | 99.9 ± 6.2 | 99.5 ± 6.1 | no dis. |
[i] IRSL, infrared stimulated luminescence; OSL, optically stimulated luminescence.
[ii] Ages were calculated using three different scenarios: (1) using ‘standard’ scenario with estimated water content, (2) using estimated water content and layer correction and (3) estimated water content, layer correction and considering radioactive disequilibrium, with the uncertainty related to the two different scenarios (given are the lower and upper age estimates, which share the same uncertainty).
[iii] Final results after correction indicated by bold letters.