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Radiocarbon Dated Pulse and Cereal Crops Indicate Diachronic Use of Iron Age Extreme Upland Sites in the Western Carpathians, Slovakia Cover

Radiocarbon Dated Pulse and Cereal Crops Indicate Diachronic Use of Iron Age Extreme Upland Sites in the Western Carpathians, Slovakia

Geochronometria
Volume 50 (2023): Issue 1 (January 2023)
By: Peter Barta,  Mária Hajnalová,  Lucia Benediková,  Dagmar Dreslerová and  Karol Pieta  
Open Access
|Jun 2023

Figures & Tables

Fig 1.

The view from the Liptov basin towards the Nízke Tatry mountain range. 1 – Demänovská hora (known also as Demänovská Poludnica, cadastre of Demänovská Dolina and Liptovský Mikuláš-Ploštín), 2 – Končitý vrch (cadastre of Závažná Poruba), 3 – Iľanovská Poludnica (cadastres of Závažná Poruba and Liptovský Ján), 4 – Bodová, 5 – Rohačka, 6 – Pod Rohačkou. © Photo by Lucia Benediková, modified by Mária Hajnalová.

Fig 2.

Location of sites discussed in the text and other contemporary sites. 1 – Demänovská hora, 2 – Končitý vrch, 3 – Iľanovská Poludnica; a – sites discussed in the text, b – local pollen core of Demänovská slatina currently under study, c – archaeological sites dated to the period from Late Bronze Age to the Early La Tène period, d – the Liptovská Mara water reservoir. © Map by Jakub Tamaškovič.

Fig 3.

Pottery from excavations in 2015. 1–12 – Demänovská Dolina – Liptovský Mikuláš-Ploštín (Demänovská hora); 13–22 – Závažná Poruba (Končitý vrch). Drawn by Jana Gajdošíková. After Benediková et al., 2020, Figs. 20 and 21, modified.

Fig 4.

Metal finds from surveys at Demänovská hora. 1–25, 40–44 – finds from 2018 survey; 26–39 – finds submitted to the Monuments Board Žilina office by treasure hunters. 41 – iron; others, bronze. Drawn by Martin Furman. After Furman et al., 2019, Figs. 2 and 3, modified.

Fig 5.

Homogenous non-stratified cultural layer at excavated sites. A – Demänovská hora, trench III (2015); B – Končitý vrch, trench II (2015); C – Iľanovská Poludnica, trench 1 (2020). Scale in the trenches are 20 cm (1 and 2) and 5 cm (3) © Photo by Lucia Benediková.

Fig 6.

Demänovská hora. Likelihood (light grey) and posterior probability (dark grey) of 14C dates in uniform phase. All dates are included in the model. © Figure by Peter Barta.

Fig 7.

Demänovská hora. Individually (vague-prior) calibrated 14C ages of charred seeds from excavations in 1974 and 2015. For visual clarity 68.3% probability ranges are shown. No stratigraphic relations are supposed between dated samples of crops. © Figure by Peter Barta.

Fig 8.

Končitý vrch. Likelihood (light grey) and posterior probability (dark grey) of 14C dates in uniform phase. Date on the charcoal fragment (19_358) is excluded from the model. © Figure by Peter Barta.

Fig 9.

Demänovská hora and Končitý vrch uniform phases. Start and end boundaries medians indicated with crosses. © Figure by Peter Barta.

Fig 10.

Iľanovská Poludnica. Results of vague-prior calibration. © Figure by Peter Barta.

SOM 1.

Studied sites as viewed from the main ridge of the Nízke Tatry to the north. 1 – Demänovská hora, 2 – Končitý vrch, 3 – Iľanovská Poludnica. © Photo by Jaroslav Moravčík, edited by Mária Hajnalová.

SOM 5.

Simulated radiocarbon dates for 730 BC (above) and 430 BC (below). Probabilities of 68.3% (dark grey) and 95.4% (light grey) are shown. Diamonds represent simulated ages and crosses mean values of calibrated dates.

Demänovská hora – calibrated dates of the uniform phase model based on all dates from the site_ Edited output from OxCal v4_4_4 (Bronk Ramsey, 2021); atmospheric data (Reimer et al_, 2020)_

Start DH Boundary
DH15LC 19_356 R_Date(2421,19)
 68.3% probability
  516BC (46.7%) 451BC
  446BC (21.5%) 416BC
 95.4% probability
  726BC (5.8%) 701BC
  664BC (3.6%) 650BC
  546BC (86.0%) 406BC
DH15TS 19_357 R_Date(2445,18)
 68.3% probability
  735BC (21.4%) 695BC
  664BC (8.4%) 649BC
  546BC (36.5%) 476BC
  431BC (1.9%) 426BC
 95.4% probability
  749BC (26.4%) 686BC
  666BC (10.6%) 640BC
  570BC (58.4%) 412BC
DH74HV 19_349 R_Date(2397,21)
 68.3% probability
  508BC (1.6%) 506BC
  480BC (66.7%) 404BC
 95.4% probability
  541BC (95.4%) 400BC
DH74PS1 VERA-892 R_Date(2385,30)
 68.3% probability
  511BC (3.1%) 506BC
  481BC (65.1%) 400BC
 95.4% probability
  719BC (1.8%) 708BC
  662BC (1.4%) 653BC
  544BC (92.2%) 393BC
DH74PS2 19_348 R_Date(2520,20)
 68.3% probability
  774BC (20.1%) 750BC
  684BC (14.1%) 667BC
  636BC (31.8%) 588BC
  578BC (2.3%) 573BC
 95.4% probability
  779BC (24.5%) 743BC
  692BC (18.3%) 663BC
  646BC (52.6%) 548BC
Phase Demanovska hora
End DH Boundary
Sequence Activity at Demanovska Hora
Posterior (MCMC 30000)
Overall agreement 87.9%
Dynamic agreement 89.0%
Start DH Posterior
 68.3% probability
  732BC (1.4%) 726BC
  708BC (66.9%) 553BC
 95.4% probability
  952BC (95.4%) 526BC
DH15LC 19_356 Posterior
 68.3% probability
  540BC (68.3%) 452BC
 95.4% probability
  661BC (1.4%) 652BC
  547BC (94.1%) 408BC
 Agreement 104.0%
DH15TS 19_357 Posterior
 68.3% probability
  658BC (1.7%) 654BC
  550BC (64.2%) 460BC
  433BC (2.4%) 426BC
 95.4% probability
  736BC (7.1%) 692BC
  666BC (5.9%) 643BC
  586BC (0.6%) 580BC
  573BC (81.8%) 414BC
 Agreement 98.9%
DH74HV 19_349 Posterior
 68.3% probability
  516BC (17.0%) 496BC
  488BC (47.0%) 436BC
  416BC (4.3%) 410BC
 95.4% probability
  540BC (95.4%) 404BC
 Agreement 93.9%
DH74PS1 VERA-892 Posterior
 68.3% probability
  536BC (3.5%) 531BC
  516BC (59.1%) 437BC
  414BC (5.6%) 406BC
 95.4% probability
  546BC (95.4%) 396BC
 Agreement 94.1%
DH74PS2 19_348 Posterior
 68.3% probability
  629BC (3.7%) 622BC
  615BC (64.6%) 546BC
 95.4% probability
  772BC (3.9%) 750BC
  689BC (8.4%) 664BC
  646BC (83.2%) 542BC
 Agreement 82.4%
End DH Posterior
 68.3% probability
  476BC (68.3%) 348BC
 95.4% probability
  532BC (95.4%) 159BC
MCMC (504000)

Končitý vrch – calibrated dates of the uniform phase model based on two dates (19_350 and 19_359) and excluding the charcoal fragment (19_358)_ Edited output from OxCal v4_4_4 (Bronk Ramsey, 2021); atmospheric data (Reimer et al_, 2020)_

Start KV Boundary
KV15PS 19_359 R_Date(2166,18)
 68.3% probability
  346BC (33.0%) 316BC
  204BC (35.3%) 172BC
 95.4% probability
  354BC (46.8%) 284BC
  230BC (48.3%) 151BC
  128BC (0.3%) 124BC
KV74PS 19_350 R_Date(2236,20)
 68.3% probability
  372BC (15.1%) 352BC
  286BC (48.4%) 228BC
  218BC (4.7%) 210BC
 95.4% probability
  382BC (22.3%) 348BC
  312BC (73.2%) 206BC
Phase KV
End KV Boundary
Sequence Activity at Koncity vrch
Posterior
MCMC(30000)
Overall agreement 95.9%
Dynamic agreement 95.7%
KV Posterior
 68.3% probability
  486BC (68.3%) 219BC
 95.4% probability
  800BC (7.2%) 722BC
  713BC (0.2%) 710BC
  686BC (0.4%) 682BC
  674BC (0.6%) 666BC
  659BC (87.0%) 210BC
KV15PS 19_359 Posterior
 68.3% probability
  346BC (38.7%) 315BC
  204BC (29.6%) 176BC
 95.4% probability
  354BC (53.0%) 282BC
  230BC (42.5%) 156BC
 Agreement 96.9%
KV74PS 19_350 Posterior
  367BC (11.3%) 352BC
  288BC (57.0%) 208BC
 95.4% probability
  381BC (19.9%) 346BC
  316BC (75.6%) 203BC
 Agreement 97.3%
End KV Posterior
 68.3% probability
  336BC (68.3%) 47BC
 95.4% probability
  344BC (85.6%) 164AD
  186AD (0.3%) 192AD
  216AD (0.7%) 226AD
  240AD (8.8%) 358AD
MCMC(480000)

Difference between the latest directly dated archaeological event from Demänovská hora (sample DH74PS1) and the earliest directly dated archaeological event from Končitý vrch (sample KV74PS)_ Code and edited output from OxCal v4_4_4 Bronk Ramsey (2021); atmospheric data from Reimer et al_ (2020)_

Plot()
 {
  R_Date(“DH74PS1 VERA-892”, 2385, 30);
  R_Date(“KV74PS 19_350”, 2236, 20);
  Difference(“End DH and Start KV”, “KV74PS 19_350”, “DH74PS1 VERA-892”);
 };
DH74PS1 VERA-892 R_Date(2385,30)
 68.3% probability
  511BC (3.1%) 506BC
  481BC (65.1%) 400BC
 95.4% probability
  719BC (1.8%) 708BC
  662BC (1.4%) 653BC
  544BC (92.2%) 393BC
KV74PS 19_350 R_Date(2236,20)
 68.3% probability
  372BC (15.1%) 352BC
  286BC (48.4%) 228BC
  218BC (4.7%) 210BC
 95.4% probability
  382BC (22.3%) 348BC
  312BC (73.2%) 206BC
End DH and Start KV Difference(KV74PS 19_350,DH74PS1 VERA-892)
 68.3% probability
  106 (68.3%) 262
 95.4% probability
  22 (93.4%) 327
  350 (0.3%) 356
  416 (1.7%) 456

Difference between the Demänovská hora phase end boundary and Končitý vrch phase start boundary_ Code and edited output from OxCal v4_4_4 Bronk Ramsey (2021); atmospheric data from Reimer et al_ (2020)_

Plot()
 {
  Sequence(“DH”)
  {
   Boundary(“Start DH”);
   Phase(“DH”)
   {
    R_Date(“DH74PS2 19_348”, 2520, 20);
    R_Date(“DH15TS 19_357”, 2445, 18);
    R_Date(“DH15LC 19_356”, 2421, 19);
    R_Date(“DH74HV 19_349”, 2397, 21);
    R_Date(“DH74PS1 VERA-892”, 2385, 30);
   };
   Boundary(“End DH”);
  };
  Sequence(“KV”)
  {
   Boundary(“Start KV”);
   Phase(“KV”)
   {
    R_Date(“KV74PS 19_350”, 2236, 20);
    R_Date(“KV15PS19_359”, 2166, 18);
   };
   Boundary(“End KV”);
  };
  Difference(“End DH and Start KV”, “Start KV”, “End DH”);
 };
Start DH Boundary()
DH74PS2 19_348 R_Date(2520,20)
 68.3% probability
  774BC (20.1%) 750BC
  684BC (14.1%) 667BC
  636BC (31.8%) 588BC
  578BC (2.3%) 573BC
 95.4% probability
  779BC (24.5%) 743BC
  692BC (18.3%) 663BC
  646BC (52.6%) 548BC
DH15TS 19_357 R_Date(2445,18)
 68.3% probability
  735BC (21.4%) 695BC
  664BC (8.4%) 649BC
  546BC (36.5%) 476BC
  431BC (1.9%) 426BC
 95.4% probability
  749BC (26.4%) 686BC
  666BC (10.6%) 640BC
  570BC (58.4%) 412BC
DH15LC 19_356 R_Date(2421,19)
 68.3% probability
  516BC (46.7%) 451BC
  446BC (21.5%) 416BC
 95.4% probability
  726BC (5.8%) 701BC
  664BC (3.6%) 650BC
  546BC (86.0%) 406BC
DH74HV 19_349 R_Date(2397,21)
 68.3% probability
  508BC (1.6%) 506BC
  480BC (66.7%) 404BC
 95.4% probability
  541BC (95.4%) 400BC
DH74PS1 VERA-892 R_Date(2385,30)
 68.3% probability
  511BC (3.1%) 506BC
  481BC (65.1%) 400BC
 95.4% probability
  719BC (1.8%) 708BC
  662BC (1.4%) 653BC
  544BC (92.2%) 393BC
(Phase DH
DH Phase()
) Phase DH
End DH Boundary()
(Sequence DH
DH Sequence()
) Sequence DH
Start KV Boundary()
KV74PS 19_350 R_Date(2236,20)
 68.3% probability
  372BC (15.1%) 352BC
  286BC (48.4%) 228BC
  218BC (4.7%) 210BC
 95.4% probability
  382BC (22.3%) 348BC
  312BC (73.2%) 206BC
KV15PS19_359 R_Date(2166,18)
 68.3% probability
  346BC (33.0%) 316BC
  204BC (35.3%) 172BC
 95.4% probability
  354BC (46.8%) 284BC
  230BC (48.3%) 151BC
  128BC (0.3%) 124BC
(Phase KV
KV Phase()
) Phase KV
End KV Boundary()
(Sequence KV
KV Sequence()
) Sequence KV
End DH and Start KV Difference(Start KV,End DH)
(MCMC(30000)
Overall agreement 87.4%
Dynamic agreement 88.1%
Start DH Posterior
 68.3% probability
  718BC (68.3%) 554BC
 95.4% probability
  949BC (95.4%) 526BC
DH74PS2 19_348 Posterior
 68.3% probability
  630BC (3.7%) 623BC
  615BC (64.5%) 547BC
 95.4% probability
  772BC (3.8%) 750BC
  690BC (8.7%) 664BC
  646BC (83.0%) 542BC
 Agreement 82.5%
DH15TS 19_357 Posterior
 68.3% probability
  658BC (1.7%) 654BC
  550BC (64.8%) 460BC
  432BC (1.8%) 427BC
 95.4% probability
  736BC (7.1%) 692BC
  666BC (5.9%) 642BC
  586BC (0.7%) 580BC
  572BC (81.7%) 414BC
 Agreement 98.9%
DH15LC 19_356 Posterior
 68.3% probability
  540BC (68.3%) 452BC
 95.4% probability
  661BC (1.4%) 652BC
  548BC (94.1%) 408BC
 Agreement 104.0%
DH74HV 19_349 Posterior
 68.3% probability
  516BC (66.6%) 436BC
  414BC (1.7%) 411BC
 95.4% probability
  540BC (95.4%) 404BC
 Agreement 93.5%
DH74PS1 VERA-892 Posterior
 68.3% probability
  536BC (2.5%) 532BC
  517BC (61.0%) 437BC
  414BC (4.8%) 406BC
 95.4% probability
  546BC (95.4%) 396BC
 Agreement 93.8%
End DH Posterior
 68.3% probability
  476BC (68.3%) 348BC
 95.4% probability
  530BC (95.4%) 133BC
Start KV Posterior
 68.3% probability
  484BC (68.3%) 220BC
 95.4% probability
  804BC (6.3%) 736BC
  730BC (1.1%) 716BC
  704BC (0.5%) 698BC
  688BC (0.2%) 684BC
  680BC (0.5%) 674BC
  666BC (86.9%) 210BC
KV74PS 19_350 Posterior
 68.3% probability
  368BC (11.6%) 352BC
  288BC (56.7%) 209BC
 95.4% probability
  381BC (19.8%) 346BC
  316BC (75.6%) 203BC
 Agreement 97.2%
KV15PS19_359 Posterior
 68.3% probability
  346BC (38.9%) 315BC
  204BC (29.3%) 176BC
 95.4% probability
  354BC (53.2%) 282BC
  230BC (42.2%) 155BC
 Agreement 96.8%
End KV Posterior
 68.3% probability
  336BC (68.3%) 44BC
 95.4% probability
  344BC (85.9%) 152AD
  160AD (1.4%) 182AD
  204AD (0.2%) 207AD
  218AD (0.2%) 220AD
  257AD (7.8%) 358AD
End DH and Start KV Posterior
 68.3% probability
  -156 (68.3%) 180
 95.4% probability
  -432 (95.4%) 240
) MCMC(480000)

Iľanovská Poludnica – vague-prior calibration of all radiocarbon dates_ Output from OxCal v4_4_4 (Bronk Ramsey, 2021); atmospheric data (Reimer et al_, 2020)_

IP20PN1 DeA-29815 R_Date(849,21)
 68.3% probability
  1175AD (68.3%) 1224AD
 95.4% probability
  1162AD (87.6%) 1233AD
  1240AD (7.9%) 1260AD
IP20PN2 DeA-29816 R_Date(842,21)
 68.3% probability
  1176AD (21.3%) 1194AD
  1200AD (39.7%) 1229AD
  1246AD (7.2%) 1255AD
 95.4% probability
  1167AD (95.4%) 1261AD

Končitý vrch – combination of radiocarbon dates for pine charcoal (19_358) and peas (19_359)_ Edited output from OxCal v4_4_4 (Bronk Ramsey, 2021); atmospheric data (Reimer et al_, 2020)_

R_Combine(2158,13)
 68.3% probability
  342BC (26.0%) 322BC
  200BC (42.2%) 172BC
 95.4% probability
  350BC (37.7%) 308BC
  207BC (56.6%) 150BC
  130BC (1.1%) 120BC
X2-Test: df = 1 T = 0.4(5% 3.8)

Demänovská hora – vague-prior calibration of all radiocarbon dates_ Output from OxCal v4_4_4 (Bronk Ramsey, 2021); atmospheric data (Reimer et al_, 2020)_

DH15LC 19_356 R_Date(2421,19)
 68.3% probability
  516BC (46.7%) 451BC
  446BC (21.5%) 416BC
 95.4% probability
  726BC (5.8%) 701BC
  664BC (3.6%) 650BC
  546BC (86.0%) 406BC
DH15TS 19_357 R_Date(2445,18)
 68.3% probability
  735BC (21.4%) 695BC
  664BC (8.4%) 649BC
  546BC (36.5%) 476BC
  431BC (1.9%) 426BC
 95.4% probability
  749BC (26.4%) 686BC
  666BC (10.6%) 640BC
  570BC (58.4%) 412BC
DH74HV 19_349 R_Date(2397,21)
 68.3% probability
  508BC (1.6%) 506BC
  480BC (66.7%) 404BC
 95.4% probability
  541BC (95.4%) 400BC
DH74PS1 VERA-892 R_Date(2385,30)
 68.3% probability
  511BC (3.1%) 506BC
  481BC (65.1%) 400BC
 95.4% probability
  719BC (1.8%) 708BC
  662BC (1.4%) 653BC
  544BC (92.2%) 393BC
DH74PS2 19_348 R_Date(2520,20)
 68.3% probability
  774BC (20.1%) 750BC
  684BC (14.1%) 667BC
  636BC (31.8%) 588BC
  578BC (2.3%) 573BC
 95.4% probability
  779BC (24.5%) 743BC
  692BC (18.3%) 663BC
  646BC (52.6%) 548BC

Demänovská hora – testing results for combination of radiocarbon dates from 2015 Test 1 (19_356, 19_357), from 1974 Test 2 (VERA-892, 19_349, 19_348), from 1974 Test 3 when the 19_348 is excluded (VERA-892, 19_349) and Test 4 from all 2015 and 1974 dates without 19_348_ Output from OxCal v4_4_4 (Bronk Ramsey, 2021); atmospheric data (Reimer et al_, 2020)_

Test 1 R_Combine(2434,14)
 68.3% probability
  716BC (4.0%) 710BC
  658BC (2.5%) 654BC
  542BC (53.4%) 466BC
  436BC (8.4%) 422BC
 95.4% probability
  733BC 12.2%) 696BC
  664BC (6.3%) 650BC
  546BC (76.9%) 412BC
X2-Test: df = 1 T = 0.8(5% 3.8)
Test 2 R_Combine(2448,14)
 68.3% probability
  736BC (27.1%) 694BC
  664BC (10.6%) 648BC
  546BC (21.5%) 512BC
  502BC (9.0%) 484BC
 95.4% probability
  748BC (31.0%) 688BC
  666BC (12.2%) 642BC
  567BC (52.2%) 416BC
X2-Test: df = 2 T = 23.3(5% 6.0))
Warning! X-Test fails at 5% - DH74 X2-Test: df = 2 T = 23.313(5% 6.0)
Test 3 R_Combine(2393,18)
 68.3% probability
  477BC (68.3%) 403BC
 95.4% probability
  538BC (2.1%) 530BC
  518BC (93.3%) 401BC
X2-Test: df = 1 T = 0.1(5% 3.8)
Test 4 R_Combine(2419,11)
 68.3% probability
  513BC (10.5%) 500BC
  486BC (57.8%) 416BC
 95.4% probability
  541BC (95.4%) 410BC
X2-Test: df = 3 T = 4.5(5% 7.8)

Information on AMS dated plant macro-remains_ Numerical codes (e_g_ 19_348) represent samples pre-treated and graphitised in the radiocarbon laboratory in Prague, whereas other samples were prepared and measured in Debrecen (DeA) and Vienna (VERA) laboratories_

Lab codeBPSigmaAbbrev.SiteYearSample No.TaxaMaterialNo. of finds
VERA-892238530DH74PS1Demänovská hora1974no dataPisum sativumSeedunknown
19_349239721DH74HVDemänovská hora1974611Hordeum vulgareGrain apex2
19_348252020DH74PS2Demänovská hora1974611Pisum sativumSeed fragment2
19_356242119DH15LCDemänovská hora20151Lens culinarisSeed fragment1
19_357244518DH15TSDemänovská hora20151Triticum speltaGrain2
19_350223620KV74PSKončitý vrch1974605Pisum sativumSeed fragment6
19_358215018KV15PIKončitý vrch20151Pinus sp.Charcoal*1
19_359216618KV15PSKončitý vrch20151Pisum sativumSeeds13
DeA-2981584921IP201Poludnica20201Pinopsida indet.Charcoal**1
DeA-2981684221IP202Poludnica20201Pinopsida indet.Charcoal***1

Končitý vrch – vague-prior calibration of all radiocarbon dates_ Output from OxCal v4_4_4 (Bronk Ramsey, 2021); atmospheric data (Reimer et al_, 2020)_

KV15PI 19_358 R_Date(2150,18)
 68.3% probability
  342BC (21.2%) 322BC
  201BC (47.0%) 161BC
 95.4% probability
  349BC (26.8%) 310BC
  206BC (67.9%) 102BC
  66BC (0.7%) 60BC
KV15PS 19_359 R_Date(2166,18)
 68.3% probability
  346BC (33.0%) 316BC
  204BC (35.3%) 172BC
 95.4% probability
  354BC (46.8%) 284BC
  230BC (48.3%) 151BC
  128BC (0.3%) 124BC
KV74PS 19_350 R_Date(2236,20)
 68.3% probability
  372BC (15.1%) 352BC
  286BC (48.4%) 228BC
  218BC (4.7%) 210BC
 95.4% probability
  382BC (22.3%) 348BC
  312BC (73.2%) 206BC
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/geochr-2023-0001 | Journal eISSN: 1897-1695
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Language: English
Page range: 1 - 20
Submitted on: Dec 31, 2021
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Accepted on: Mar 8, 2023
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Published on: Jun 23, 2023
Published by: Sciendo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
radiocarbon,
cereal and pulse crops,
mountain summit sites,
Hallstatt Period,
La Tène Period
Related subjects:
Geosciences,
Geosciences, other

© 2023 Peter Barta, Mária Hajnalová, Lucia Benediková, Dagmar Dreslerová, Karol Pieta, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

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