Fig 1
Localisation of archaeological sites discussed in the text: the Funnel Beaker culture cemetery at site 9, Mikulin (with an adjacent settlement at site 1, Dobużek Kolonia ) and the Bodrogkeresztúr culture cemetery at the site of Urziceni-Vada Ret (based on a map of M. Juran).
Fig 2
Mikulin, Lublin Province, site 9 – feature 9 (photograph and drawing of I. Pieńkos).
Fig 3
Urziceni-Vada Ret, Satu Mare County – grave 39 (based on drawings of J. Bakai and T. Barbu).
Fig 4
Ontogenetic time of development and remodelling of specific human bones and teeth (based on Tütken, 2010; modified).
Table 1
Urziceni-Vada Ret, Satu Mare County, Mikulin, site 9, and Dobużek Kolonia, site 1, Lublin Province. Archaeological context and specification of samples used for 14C dating and dietary studies.
| Site | feature/sampled individual | dated bone(s) | Laboratory code | Age (14C BP) | coll% | δ13C (‰) | δ15N (‰) | %C | %N | (C/N)at |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urziceni-Vada ret | grave 39/female (Maturus, ca. 40-45 yrs) | petrous part | PSUAMS 4229 | 5300±25 | 10.3 | -20.4b) | 12.0 | 28.1d) | 10.2d) | 3.2d) |
| tibia | DeA-17598 | 5334±33 | 1.0 | -19.7b) | 10.9 | 39.7d) | 13.6d) | 3.4d) | ||
| Mikulin, site 9 | feature 9 (grave)/individual 1: female (Adultus, ca. 30-35 yrs) | petrous part | Poz-105744a) | 4596±37 | 1.4 | -17.4b) | n.m. | 8.5c) | 1.6c) | 3.2d) |
| (burial ground) | Poz-105745a) | 4661±37 | 48.2d) | 17.6d) | ||||||
| OxA-38015 | 4699±31 | 5.6 | -19.4b) | 12.0 | 45.6d) | 16.1d) | 3.3d) | |||
| ribs | Poz-104804 | 4635±30 | 13.1 | -19.6b) | 10.2 | 8.0c) | 3.2c) | 3.2d) | ||
| 49.5d) | 18.1d) | |||||||||
| OxA-38219 | 4614±30 | 10.9 | -19.9b) | 10.5 | 46.6d) | 16.4d) | 3.3d) | |||
| Dobużek Kolonia, site 1(settlement) | feature 24/Bos taurus sp. | humerus | Poz-105439 | 4635±35 | 3.5 | -21.1b) | 7.9 | 6.4c) | 1.4c) | 3.2d) |
| 50.5d) | 18.5d) | |||||||||
| feature 38/ Ovis/ | ribs | Poz-105447 | 4590±35 | 3.8 | -20.3b) | 8.8 | 5.1c) | 1.1c) | 3.2d) | |
| Capra sp. | 50.4d) | 18.5d) | ||||||||
| feature 42/ | pelvic bone | Poz-105529 | 4680±40 | 3.1 | -21.3b) | 4.8 | 8.4c) | 0.8c) | 3.2d) | |
| Equus sp. | 49.4d) | 18.1d) |
a) the two radiocarbon dates were originally reported as a single one as their weighted mean (Poz-105744: 4628±26 BP)
Table 2
Results of calibration and modelling of 14C dates (rounded by 5 years).
| Site | feature/sampled individual | dated bone(s) | Laboratory code | Age (14C BP) | Unmodelled cal BC (68.2%) | Modelled cal BC (68.2%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urziceni-Vada ret | grave 39/female (Maturus, ca. 40-45 yrs) | petrous part | PSUAMS 4229 | 5300±25 | 4230-4050 | 4230-4095 |
| tibia | DeA-17598 | 5334±33 | 4225-4060 | 4190-4055 | ||
| Mikulin, site 9 | feature 9 (grave)/individual 1: female (Adultus, ca. 30-35 yrs) | petrous part | Poz-105744 Poz-105745 OxA-38015 | 4596±37 4661±37 4699±31 | 3500-3195 3515-3370 3620-3375 | 3510-3370 |
| ribs | Poz-104804 OxA-38219 | 4635±30 4614±30 | 3495-3355 3490-3345 | 3480-3345 |
Fig 5
Mikulin, Lublin Province, site 9 – feature 9, individual 1. Specification of model based on the series of 14C dates obtained for ribs and otic capsule (cf. Table 1).
Fig 6
Mikulin, site 9 – feature 9, individual 1. Multiplot based on the model specified in the previous figure.
Fig 7
Synchronisation of the radiocarbon dated burial from Mikulin with the settlement sequence of the Funnel Beaker culture from Dobużek Kolonia (the latter based partially on unpublished radiocarbon data).
Fig 8
Urziceni-Vada Ret, Satu Mare County – grave 39. Specification of model based on two 14C dates obtained for tibia and otic capsule (cf. Table 1).
Fig 9
Urziceni-Vada Ret, Satu Mare County – grave 39. Multiplot based on the model specified in the previous figure.
Fig 10
Synchronisation of the radiocarbon dated burial from Urziceni with the continuous sequence of phases of the Bodrogkeresztúr culture (the latter based on Chmielewski 2020).