Fig 1
Location of the study area and geological surroundings after Horváth and Cloething (1996). P: Pest Plain, G: Gerecse Hills, S: Süttő, K: Katymár, Pa:Paks.
Fig 2
Pest Plain and the surrounding areas with the locations of the sampling sites and the terraces of the Danube. Terraces are based on Pécsi et al. (2000), Sz: Szentendre Island, K: Kisoroszi, V: Vác, Dv: Dunavarsány.
Fig 3
Traditional terrace system on the Pest Plain and in the surrounding areas after Pécsi (1959).
Table 1
Location and main characteristics of the samples.
| Location | Terrace level | Latitude (N) | Longitude (E) | Altitude (m asL) | Sample | Nr. | Depth (cm) | Sediment | Facies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nagytarcsa gravel mine | V | 47.52822 | 19.25767 | 170.52 | Nt1 Nt2 | 120.1. 120.2. | 700 790 | medium sand with gravel medium sand with gravel | fluvial fluvial |
| Mogyoród gravel mine | V | 47.58594 | 19.22269 | 247.66 | Mgy1 Mgy2 | 119.1. 119.2. | 130 240 | fine sand fine sand | dune dune |
| Csomád sand mine E wall | III | 47.67194 | 19.18694 | 146.49 | Csm1 Csm2 | 122.1. 122.2. | 160 320 | silty fine sand silty fine sand | dune dune |
| Csomád sand mine W wall | III | 47.67131 | 19.18592 | 150.81 | Csm3 Csm4 | 122.3. 122.4. | 240 440 | fine-medium sand fine-medium sand | fluvial fluvial? |
| Fót sand mine | III | 47.64511 | 19.17714 | 175 | Ft1 Ft2 | 123.1. 123.2. | 180 350 | fine-medium sand fine-medium sand | slope, reworked fluvial slope, reworked fluvial |
| Dk1 | 121.1. | 190 | medium sand | dune | |||||
| Dk2 | 121.2. | 360 | medium sand | dune | |||||
| Dunakeszi sand mine | IIb | 47.66083 | 19.15706 | 165.47 | Dk3 | 121.3. | 410 | medium sand | fluvial |
| Dk4 | 121.4. | 590 | fine sand | fluvial | |||||
| Dk5 | 121.5. | 740 | fine-medium sand | fluvial |
Fig 4
Position of the samples in the sampling sites. A: Mogyoród gravel mine (aeolian sand), B: Dunakeszi sand mine (fluvial and aeolian sand), C-D: Fót sand mine (slope, reworked fluvial sand), E: Nagytarcsa gravel mine (fluvial sand), F: Csomád sand mine East wall (aeolian sand), G-H: Csomád sand mine West wall (fluvial sand).
Table 2
Dose rate determination.
| Sample | Depth (cm) | U (ppm) | Th (ppm) | K (%) | Water content (dryw%) | Dose rate (Gy/ka) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartz | K-feldspar | ||||||
| Nt1 | 700 | 0.81 ± 0.02 | 2.49 ± 0.04 | 1.02 ± 0.01 | 18 ± 3 | 1.22 ± 0.09 | 1.85 ± 0.19 |
| Nt2 | 790 | 0.75 ± 0.02 | 2.74 ± 0.03 | 1.04 ± 0.01 | 18 ± 3 | 1.23 ± 0.09 | 1.86 ± 0.19 |
| Mgy1 | 130 | 1.72 ± 0.02 | 6.06 ± 0.05 | 0.79 ± 0.04 | 5 ± 1 | 1.69 ± 0.12 | 2.44 ± 0.17 |
| Mgy2 | 240 | 2.00 ± 0.04 | 7.25 ± 0.06 | 0.83 ± 0.03 | 5 ± 1 | 1.85 ± 0.13 | 2.63 ± 0.19 |
| Csm1 | 160 | 1.45 ± 0.02 | 4.15 ± 0.05 | 1.18 ± 0.04 | 5 ± 1 | 1.87 ± 0.13 | 2.57 ± 0.19 |
| Csm2 | 320 | 2.17 ± 0.05 | 7.20 ± 0.06 | 1.12 ± 0.05 | 5 ± 1 | 2.14 ± 0.16 | 2.93 ± 0.21 |
| Csm3 | 240 | 1.59 ± 0.02 | 5.01 ± 0.04 | 0.91 ± 0.04 | 14 ± 3 | 1.54 ± 0.11 | 2.25 ± 0.16 |
| Csm4 | 440 | 1.53 ± 0.03 | 4.82 ± 0.04 | 0.90 ± 0.03 | 14 ± 3 | 1.48 ± 0.10 | 2.18 ± 0.15 |
| Ft1 | 180 | 1.95 ± 0.05 | 3.81 ± 0.04 | 0.80 ± 0.02 | 11 ± 2 | 1.50 ± 0.10 | 2.22 ± 0.15 |
| Ft2 | 350 | 1.95 ± 0.06 | 3.17 ± 0.03 | 0.83 ± 0.03 | 11 ± 2 | 1.46 ± 0.10 | 2.16 ± 0.15 |
| Dk1 | 190 | 0.78 ± 0.01 | 1.95 ± 0.03 | 0.82 ± 0.03 | 5 ± 1 | 1.24 ± 0.09 | 1.86 ± 0.13 |
| Dk2 | 360 | 1.22 ± 0.02 | 3.85 ± 0.04 | 0.81 ± 0.03 | 5 ± 1 | 1.42 ± 0.10 | 2.10 ± 0.15 |
| Dk3 | 410 | 1.19 ± 0.03 | 3.10 ± 0.03 | 0.81 ± 0.03 | 11 ± 2 | 1.28 ± 0.09 | 1.93 ± 0.14 |
| Dk4 | 590 | 1.42 ± 0.02 | 3.79 ± 0.04 | 0.89 ± 0.04 | 11 ± 2 | 1.41 ± 0.10 | 2.09 ± 0.15 |
| Dk5 | 740 | 1.34 ± 0.03 | 4.18 ± 0.04 | 0.87 ± 0.04 | 11 ± 2 | 1.39 ± 0.10 | 2.07 ± 0.15 |
Fig 5
Representative examples for visualisation of the characteristics and distributions of the equivalent doses in abanico plots. A and C: De-s were measured by SAR-OSL protocol on medium (5 mm) aliquots of quartz, B and D: De-s were determined with post-IR IRSL290 protocol on small (2 mm) aliquots of K-feldspar. (Abanico plot: http://rlum.geographie.uni-koeln.de:9418/packages/RLumShiny/inst/shiny/abanico/).
Table 3
Dose recovery ratios.
| Sample | Dose recovery ratio | |
|---|---|---|
| Quartz OSL | K-feldspar post-IR IRSL290 | |
| Mgy1 | 1.01 ± 0.10 | 1.02 ± 0.09 |
| Mgy2 | 1.03 ± 0.02 | 1.00 ± 0.10 |
| Csm1 | 0.98 ± 0.07 | 1.01 ± 0.08 |
| Csm2 | 0.96 ± 0.09 | 1.02 ± 0.05 |
| Csm3 | 0.99 ± 0.08 | 1.08 ± 0.05 |
| Csm4 | 1.01 ± 0.06 | 1.10 ± 0.04 |
| Ft1 | 0.99 ± 0.07 | 1.08 ± 0.01 |
| Ft2 | 0.97 ± 0.05 | 1.02 ± 0.07 |
| Dk1 | 0.99 ± 0.02 | 0.97 ± 0.11 |
| Dk2 | 1.03 ± 0.04 | 0.97 ± 0.15 |
| Dk3 | 0.98 ± 0.07 | 0.98 ± 0.13 |
| Dk4 | 0.98 ± 0.05 | 0.99 ± 0.09 |
| Dk5 | 1.02 ± 0.06 | 0.96 ± 0.14 |
Table 4
Dating result of quartz and K-feldspar
| Quartz OSL | K-feldspar post-IR I2SL29O | K. -feldspar age/Quartz age | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample | Depth (cm) | n | De mean (Gy) | OD (%) | Age (ka) | n | De mean (Gy) | OD (%) | Residual dose (Gy) | Residual dose (%)** | Age (ka) | ||||||||
| w. | s. | w. | s. | a. | no subtr. | w. subtr. | s. subtr. | no subtr. | w. subtr. | s. subtr. | |||||||||
| Nt1 | 700 | 3 | 546* | >296 | |||||||||||||||
| Nt2 | 790 | 3 | 537* | >289 | |||||||||||||||
| Mgy1 | 130 | 24 | 62.9 ± 2.7 | 18 ±3 | 37.1 ±3.1 | 10 | 100.3 ±3.1 | 9± 2 | 14.6 ±0.6 | 14.6 | 9.5 | 41.0 ± 2.3 | 35.0± 2.1 | 1.10±0.11 | 0.94 ±0.10 | ||||
| Mgy2 | 240 | 25 | 70.4 ± 3.7 | 22 ±3 | 38.1 ±3.3 | 9 | 99.7 ± 2.9 | 7 ± 2 | 19.2 ±3.0 | 7.4 ± 1.3 | 19.2 | 7.4 | 0.0 | 37.9 ± 1.9 | 30.6 ± 1.7 | 35.1 ± 1.8 | 0.99 ±0.10 | 0.80 ±0.08 | 0.92 ±0.09 |
| Csm1 | 160 | 24 | 73.3 ±3.3 | 20 ±3 | 39.3 ±3.4 | 10 | 115.4 ±3.1 | 7 ± 2 | 18.7 ±4.1 | 7.4 ±0.5 | 16.2 | 6.4 | 12.6 | 44.9 ± 2.3 | 37.7 ± 2.0 | 42.0 ± 2.2 | 1.14±0.11 | 0.96 ±0.10 | 1.07 ±0.11 |
| Csm2 | 320 | 23 | 91.0 ±3.6 | 18 ±3 | 42.6 ±3.6 | 11 | 126.2 ±4.8 | 11±3 | 16.3 ±3.9 | 13.0 | 1.0 | 43.1 ± 2.4 | 37.5 ± 2.2 | 1.01 ±0.10 | 0.88 ±0.09 | ||||
| Csm3 | 240 | 25 | 43.9 ± 2.9 | 29 ±4 | 28.5 ± 2.8 | 9 | 69.6 ± 1.7 | 6± 2 | 13.4±3.6 | 19.2 | 7.9 | 30.9 ± 1.8 | 25.0 ± 1.5 | 1.09 ±0.12 | 0.88 ±0.10 | ||||
| Csm4 | 440 | 24 | 45.7 ± 2.3 | 21±3 | 30.9 ± 2.6 | 11 | 76.5 ± 2.2 | 8± 2 | 13.3 ± 2.5 | 17.4 | 12.0 | 35.2 ± 2.1 | 29.0 ± 1.8 | 1.14 ±0.12 | 0.94 ±0.10 | ||||
| Ft1 | 180 | 27 | 22.8 ±0.9 | 18 ±3 | 15.1 ± 1.2 | 11 | 35.0 ±0.9 | 7 ± 2 | 7.8 ±0.2 | 3.6 ±0.4 | 22.2 | 10.2 | 4.3 | 15.8 ±0.9 | 12.3 ±0.7 | 14.2 ±0.8 | 1.05 ±0.10 | 0.81 ±0.08 | 0.94 ±0.09 |
| Ft2 | 350 | 25 | 33.3 ±0.9 | 12 ± 2 | 22.8 ± 1.8 | 11 | 52.5 ± 1.5 | 9± 2 | 11.5 ±3.5 | 21.9 | 6.3 | 24.3 ± 1.4 | 19.0 ± 1.2 | 1.07 ±0.10 | 0.83 ±0.08 | ||||
| Dk1 | 190 | 24 | 16.8 ±0.7 | 21±3 | 13.6 ± 1.2 | 12 | 33.2 ±0.6 | 5± 1 | 7.4 ± 1.0 | 22.3 | 23.9 | 17.9 ± 1.1 | 13.9 ±0.9 | 1.31 ±0.14 | 1.02 ±0.11 | ||||
| Dk2 | 360 | 25 | 20.0 ± 1.0 | 22±4 | 14.1 ± 1.2 | 11 | 35.7 ±0.5 | 4± 1 | 10.0 ±0.9 | 3.9 ±0.2 | 28.1 | 10.8 | 17.1 | 17.0 ±0.9 | 12.2 ±0.7 | 15.2 ±0.8 | 1.21 ±0.12 | 0.87 ±0.09 | 1.08 ±0.11 |
| Dk3 | 410 | 26 | 19.4 ± 1.2 | 30±4 | 15.2 ± 1.5 | 11 | 35.7 ±0.9 | 7 ± 2 | 9.2 ±0.2 | 25.9 | 17.7 | 18.5 ± 1.1 | 13.7 ±0.9 | 1.22 ±0.14 | 0.90 ±0.10 | ||||
| Dk4 | 590 | 56 | 21.2 ±0.7 | 22 ± 2 | 15.0 ± 1.2 | 12 | 39.3 ± 1.0 | 7 ± 2 | 9.0 ± 2.2 | 22.9 | 19.9 | 18.8 ± 1.1 | 14.5 ±0.9 | 1.25 ±0.13 | 0.96 ±0.10 | ||||
| Dk5 | 740 | 29 | 21.9 ±0.8 | 17 ±3 | 15.8 ± 1.3 | 10 | 39.8 ±0.7 | 4± 1 | 10.6 ±0.3 | 26.7 | 17.8 | 19.2 ± 1.1 | 14.1 ±0.8 | 1.22 ±0.12 | 0.89 ±0.09 | ||||
[i] n: number of aliquots; OD: overdispersion; *: 2xD0; **: residual dose in % of the measured natural dose;
w: residual dose after 12 h exposure to changeable sunshine in winter;
s: residual dose after 4 h exposure to bright sunlight in summer;
a: assumable residual based on the correlation with quartz ages;
no subtr.: feldspar age without subtraction of residual dose;
w. subtr.: feldspar age with subtraction of residual dose after 12 h exposure to changeable sunshine in winter;
s. subtr: feldspar age with subtraction of residual dose after 4 h exposure to bright sunlight in summer.
Fig 6
Change of post-IR IRSL290 residual doses of four K-feldspar separates due to exposure to bright sunlight in summer. (The measured average natural doses are 100 Gy in Mgy2, 115 Gy in Csm1, 35 Gy in Ft1 and 36 Gy in Dk2.)