Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Variability of the ESR intensities of samples BIZ1201, BIZ1202 (Al and Ti centres) derived from experimental setups #1, #2 and #3_
| Al Centre | Ti Centre | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample | Experimental setup | Day | Number of aliquots per sample | Precision of each sample measurements: mean CV (%) | Precision of 3 day measurements: mean CV (%) | Precision of each sample measurements: mean CV (%) | Precision of 3 day measurements: mean CV (%) |
| BIZ1201 | Setup #1 | 1 | 13 | 0.82 | 1.67 | 3.80 | 2.59 |
| 2 | 13 | 1.05 | 3.63 | ||||
| 3 | 13 | 1.04 | 3.62 | ||||
| Setup #2 | 1 | 13 | 0.79 | 2.02 | 2.57 | 4.96 | |
| 2 | 13 | 1.25 | 3.32 | ||||
| 3 | 13 | 1.76 | 3.57 | ||||
| Setup #3 | 1 | 13 | 1.31 | 1.28 | 3.82 | 4.15 | |
| 2 | 13 | 1.58 | 2.66 | ||||
| 3 | 13 | 1.54 | 4.08 | ||||
| BIZ1202 | Setup #1 | 1 | 13 | 1.37 | 1.21 | 4.08 | 3.78 |
| 2 | 13 | 1.47 | 3.65 | ||||
| 3 | 13 | 1.01 | 2.59 | ||||
| Setup #2 | 1 | 13 | 1.07 | 1.84 | 2.79 | 3.06 | |
| 2 | 13 | 1.45 | 2.84 | ||||
| 3 | 13 | 1.19 | 2.39 | ||||
| Setup #3 | 1 | 13 | 2.29 | 1.81 | 3.00 | 5.00 | |
| 2 | 13 | 1.63 | 2.54 | ||||
| 3 | 13 | 1.47 | 2.92 | ||||
Description of Experimental Setups #1, #2 and #3_
| Experimental Setup #1 | Experimental Setup #2 | Experimental Setup #3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ESR spectrometer | Bruker EMX 6/1 micro | Bruker Elexsys E500 | Bruker Elexsys E500 |
| Resonator model | ER4102ST(1): standard cavity | ER4102ST(2): standard cavity | SHQE: high sensitivity cavity |
| Low temperature system | ER4141VT Digital Temperature control system | ER4131VTM Digital Temperature (stabilized via PID) | ER4131VTM Digital Temperature (stabilized via PID) |
| Chiller | Thermo Scientific NESLAB ThermoFlex 3500 (water-cooled) | Riedel PC-100-02 (water-to-air cooled) | Riedel PC-100-02 (water-to-air cooled) |
| Acquisition software | Bruker Win EPR | Bruker Xepr | Bruker Xepr |
Overview of the different groups working on ESR dating of quartz over the last decades (non-exhaustive list)_ The description of the experimental setup is based on the information provided in the respective publications cited in the last column_
| Institution, city, country | ESR spectrometer (temperature of ESR measurement) | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France | Bruker EMX (107 K) | Voinchet et al., 2010 |
| University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany | Bruker ESP 300 (115 K) | Beerten et al., 2006 |
| Centro Nacional de Investigacion sobre la Evolucion Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain | Bruker EMXmicro 6/1 (90 K) | Duval et al., 2017a |
| McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada | JEOL FA-100 (77 K) | Burdette et al., 2013 |
| China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China | Bruker ER041XG (77 K) | Liu et al., 2010 |
| Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan | JEOL PX-2300 (81–84 K) | Toyoda et al., 2006 |
Acquisition parameters employed for the three experimental setups during the ESR measurements of Al and Ti centres_
| Al centre | Ti centre | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental Setup | Setup #1 | Setup #2 | Setup #1 | Setup #2 |
| ESR spectrometer | EMX 6/1 micro | Elexsys E500 | EMX 6/1 micro | Elexsys E500 |
| Resonator model | ER4102ST(1) | ER4102ST(2) SHQE | ER4102ST(1) | ER4102ST(2) SHQE |
| Microwave power (mW) | 10 | 10 | 5 | 5 |
| Sweep width (mT) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| HF modulation (kHz) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Modulation amplitude (mT) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Number of points | 1024 | 1024 | 1024 | 1024 |
| Conversion time (ms) | 40 | 40 | 60 | 60 |
| Sweep time (s) | 40.96 | 40.96 | 61.44 | 61.44 |
| Number of scans | 1 | 1 | 2–4 | 2–4 ST resonator 1–2 HSQE |
| Receiver Gain | 3169.8 | 60 dB | 25178.5 | 81 dB |
| Temperature (K) | 90 | 94 | 90 | 94 |