First Molecular Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Apparently Healthy Dromedary Camels from Kebbi State, Nigeria
References
- 1. Asiimwe, R., Ainembabazi, J. H., Egeru, A., Isoto, R., Aleper, D. K., Namaalwa, J., Diiro, G. M., 2020: The role of camel production on household resilience to droughts in pastoral and agro-pastoral households in Uganda. Pastoralism, 10, 5, 1–12. DOI: 10.1186/s13570-020-0160-x
- 2. Ait-El-Alia, O., Zine-Eddine, Y., Chaji, S., Boukrouh, S., Boutoial, K., Faye, B., 2025: Global camel milk industry: A comprehensive overview of production, consumption trends, market evolution, and value chain efficiency. Small Rumin. Res., 243, 107441. DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2025.107441
- 3. Tharwat, M., Almundarij, T. I., Sadan, M., Khorshid, F., Swelum, A., 2023: Is camel’s urine friend or enemy? Review of its role in human health or diseases. Open Vet. J., 13, 10, 1228–1238. DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i10.1
- 4. Amsidder, L., Alary, V., Duteurtre, G., Mnaouer, I., 2024: The economic contribution of camel-based livestock systems in North-African drylands: The case of East and South Moroccan provinces. Pastoralism: Res. Policy Pract., 14, 13600. DOI: 10.3389/past.2024.13600
- 5. Pal, M., Kerorsa, G. B., Marami, L. M., Kandi, V., 2020: Epidemiology, pathogenicity, animal infections, antibiotic resistance, public health significance, and economic impact of Staphylococcus aureus: A comprehensive review. Am. J. Public Health Res., 8, 1, 14–21.
- 6. Abdullahi, I. N., Fernández-Fernández, R., Juárez-Fernández, G., Martínez-Álvarez, S., Eguizábal, P., Zarazaga, M., et al., 2021: Wild animals are reservoirs and sentinels of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA clones: A problem with “One Health” concern. Antibiotics, 10, 12, 1556. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121556
- 7. Silva, V., Correia, S., Pereira, J.E., Igrejas, G., Poeta, P. 2020: Surveillance and environmental risk assessment of antibiotics and AMR/ARGs related with MRSA: One Health perspective. In: Hashmi, M. (eds) Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies. Springer, Cham. Pp. 271–295. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40422-2_13
- 8. Hussein, H. A., Abdi, S. M., Ahad, A. A., 2023: Factors and challenges contributing to antimicrobial resistance in East African pastoral settings and importance of One Health approach. CABI One Health, ohcs202300025. DOI: 10.1079/cabionehealth.2023.0025
- 9. Ifedinezi, O. V., Nnaji, N. D., Anumudu, C. K., Ekwueme, C. T., Uhegwu, C. C., Ihenetu, F. C., et al., 2024: Environmental antimicrobial resistance: Implications for food safety and public health. Antibiotics, 13, 11, 1087. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13111087
- 10. Gaddafi, M. S., Yakubu, Y., Junaidu, A. U., Bello, M. B., Garba, B., Bitrus, A. A., Lawal, H., 2021: Nasal colonization of pigs and farm attendants by Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Kebbi, Northwestern Nigeria. Thai J. Vet. Med., 51, 1, 119–124. DOI: 10.56808/2985-1130.3100
- 11. Yusuf, S. T., Kwaga, J. K. P., Okolocha, E. C., Bello, M., 2017: Phenotypic occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in camels slaughtered at Kano abattoir, Kano, Nigeria. Sokoto J. Vet. Sci., 15, 2, 29–35. DOI: 10.4314/sokjvs.v15i2.4
- 12. Belhout, C., Boyen, F., Vereecke, N., Theuns, S., Taibi, N., Stegger, M., et al., 2023: Prevalence and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) and mammaliicocci (MRM) in dromedary camels from Algeria: First detection of SCCmec-mecc hybrid in methicillin-resistant Mammaliicoccus lentus. Antibiotics., 12, 4, 674. DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040674
- 13. Thrusfield, M., 2018: Veterinary Epidemiology. 4th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 434–440.
- 14. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), 2023: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 33rd ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne, PA: CLSI.
- 15. Furtula, V., Jackson, C. R., Farrell, E. G., Barrett, J. B., Hiott, L. M., Chambers, P. A., 2013: Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. isolated from environmental samples in an area of intensive poultry production. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 10, 3, 1020–1036. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10031020
- 16. Chen, H., Rangasamy, M., Tan, S. Y., Wang, H., Siegfried, B. D., 2010: Evaluation of five methods for total DNA extraction from western corn rootworm beetles. PLoS One., 5, 8, e11963. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011963
- 17. Coque, T. M., Cantón, R., Pérez-Cobas, A. E., Fernández-de-Bobadilla, M. D., Baquero, F., 2023: Antimicrobial resistance in the global health network: Known unknowns and challenges for efficient responses in the 21st century. Microorganisms., 11, 4, 1050. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041050
- 18. Chehida, B. F., Gharsa, H., Tombari, W., Selmi, R., Khaldi, S., Daaloul, M., et al., 2021: First report of antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence gene characterization associated with Staphylococcus aureus carriage in healthy camels from Tunisia. Animals., 11, 9, 2754. DOI: 10.3390/ani11092754
- 19. El-Ghareeb, W. R., Almathen, F. S., Fayez, M. M., Alsultan, R. A., 2019: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in camel meat: Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility. Slov. Vet. Res., 56, Suppl. 22, 249–256. DOI: 10.26873/SVR-764-2019
- 20. Mahran, S., Elhelw, R., El-Jakee, J., 2020: Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from camel and human samples from Aswan Governorate in Egypt. Int. J. Vet. Sci., 9, 3, 397–402.
- 21. Tasse, I., Mengistu, D. A., Belina, D., Girma, S., 2022: Detection and determination of Staphylococcus aureus in camel milk and associated factors in Fedis, eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia. Microbiol. Insights, 15, 11786361221099876. DOI: 10.1177/117863612210998
- 22. Mohmed, S. A., Barre, A., Mohamud, A. H., Gaciye, M. M., Hirsi, F. I., 2024: Knowledge, attitude, and practice related to antibiotic use and resistance towards dairy camel farmers in the Banadir Region, Somalia. J. Anim. Vet. Sci., 9, 1, 20–27. DOI: 10.20431/2455-2518.0901004
- 23. Gaddafi, M. S., Yakubu, Y., Junaidu, A. U., Bello, M. B., Bitrus, A. A., Musawa, A. I., et al., 2023: Occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from dairy cows in Kebbi, Nigeria. Iran. J. Vet. Med., 17, 1, 19–26. DOI: 10.22059/ijvm.17.1.1005256
- 24. Gaddafi, M. S., Yakubu, Y., Bello, M. B., Bitrus, A. A., Musawa, A. I., Garba, B., et al., 2022: Occurrence and antibiotic resistance profiles of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in layer chickens in Kebbi, Nigeria. Folia Vet., 66, 2, 37–45. DOI: 10.2478/fv-2022-0016
- 25. Bitrus, A. A., Zunita, Z., Khairani-Bejo, S., Othman, S., Nadzir, N. A. A., 2018: Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and characterization of the attachment site (attB) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates. Microb. Pathog., 123, 323–329. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.033
- 26. Plata, K. B., Riosa, S., Singh, C. R., Rosato, R. R., Rosa-to, A. E., 2013: Targeting of PBP1 by β-lactams determines recA/SOS response activation in heterogeneous MRSA clinical strains. PLoS One., 8, 4, e61083. DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0061083
Language: English
Page range: 23 - 33
Submitted on: Oct 24, 2025
Accepted on: Jan 21, 2026
Published on: Jun 26, 2026
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Related subjects:
© 2026 Mohammed Sani Gaddafi, Kelvin Olutimilehin Jolayemi, Habiba Lawal, Shamsuddeen Abubakar Alhaji, Muhammad Zaharaddeen Muhammad, Abdulrahman Hassan Jibril, Mohammed Salihu Jibrin, Muhammed Danlami Salihu, Abdulgaffar Usman El-Yakub, Ismail Ayoade Odetokun, published by The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.