References
- 1. Russell, L. D., 1993: Form, dimensions and cytology of mammalian Sertoli cells. Pp. 1–37. In: Russell L. D., Griswold M. D.: The Sertoli cell. Cache River Press, Clearwater, Florida.
- 2. Griswold, M. D., 1993: Sertoli cell function. Pp. 117–143. In: Russell, L. D., Griswold, M. D.: The Sertoli cell. Cache River Press, Clearwater, Florida.
- 3. Griswold, M. D., 1998: The central role of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol., 9, 4, 411–416. DOI: 10.1006/scdb.1998.0203
- 4. Griswold, M. D., 2018: 50 years of spermatogenesis: Sertoli cells and their interactions with germ cells. Biol. Reprod., 99, 1, 87–100. DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy027
- 5. O ’ Donnell, L., Smith, L. B., Rebourcet, D., 2022: Sertoli cells as key drivers of testis function. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol., 121, 2–9, DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.016
- 6. Thumfart, K. M., Mansuy, I. M., 2023: What are Sertoli cells? Historical, methodological, and functional aspects. Andrology, 11, 849–859. DOI: 10.1111/andr.13386
- 7. Ni, F. D., Hao, S. L., Yang, W. X., 2019: Multiple signaling pathways in Sertoli cells: recent findings in spermatogenesis. Cell Death Dis., 10, 8, 1–15. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1782-z
- 8. Skinner, M. K., 2005: Sertoli cell secreted regulatory factors. Pp. 107–120. In: Skinner, M. K., Griswold, M. D.: Sertoli cell biology. Elsevier Academic Press. San Diego, California, USA. DOI: 10.1016/B978-012647751-1/50009-X
- 9. Rato, I., Socorro, S., Cavaco, J. E., Oliveira, P. F., 2010: Tubular fluid secretion in the seminiferous epithelium: ion transporters and aquaporins in Sertoli cells. J. Membr. Biol., 236, 2, 215–224. DOI: 10.1007/s00232-010-9294-x
- 10. Wang, F., Han, D., 2019: Sertoli cell phagocytosis: an essential event for spermatogenesis. In: Wu, W., Ziglioli, F., Maestroni, U., Male Reproductive Health. IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.86808
- 11. Xiao, Y., Zhang, J., Guan, Y., Wang, M., Liu, D., Xiong, S., et al., 2025: Research progress on Sertoli cell secretion during spermatogenesis. Front. Endocrinol., (Lausanne), 15, 1–10. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1456410
- 12. Setchell, B. P., Voglmayr, J. K., Waites, G. M., 1969: A blood-testis barrier restricting passage from blood into rete testis fluid but not into lymph. J. Physiol., 200, 1, 73–85. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008682
- 13. Dym, M., Fawcett, D. W., 1970: The blood-testis barrier in the rat and the physiological compartmentation of the seminiferous epithelium. Biol. Reprod., 3, 3, 308–326. DOI: 10.1093/biolreprod/3.3.308
- 14. Fawcett, D. W., Leak, L. V., Heidger, P. M., 1970: Electron microscopic observations on the structural components of the blood-testis barrier. J. Reprod. Fert., 10, 105–122.
- 15. Dym, M., Cavicchia, J. C., 1977: Further observations on the blood-testis barrier in monkeys. Biol. Reprod., 17, 3, 390–403. DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod17.3.390
- 16. Pelletier, R. M., Byers, S. W., 1992: The blood-testis barrier and Sertoli cell junctions: structural considerations. Microsc. Res. Tech., 20, 1, 3–33. DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1070200104
- 17. Pl ö en, L., Setchell, B. P., 1992: Blood-testis barriers revisited. A homage to Lennart Nicander. Int. J. Androl., 15, 1, 1–4. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1992.tb01108.x
- 18. Luaces, J. P., Toro-Urrego, N., Otero-Losada, M., Capani, F., 2023: What do we know about blood-testis barrier? Current understanding of its structure and physiology. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11, 1–11. DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1114769
- 19. Cheng, C. Y., Mruk, D. D., 2012: The blood-testis barrier and its implications for male contraception. Pharmacol Rev., 64, 1, 16–64. DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002790
- 20. Mruk, D. D., Cheng, C. Y., 2015: The mammalian blood-testis barrier: its biology and regulation. Endocr. Rev., 36, 5, 564–591. DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1101. Erratum in: Endocr. Rev., 2016, 1, 43. DOI: 10.1210/er.2015
- 21. Wong, C. H, Cheng, C. Y., 2005: The blood-testis barrier: its biology, regulation, and physiological role in spermatogenesis. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol., 71, 263–296. DOI: 10.1016/S0070-2153(05)71008-5
- 22. Flickinger, C., Fawcett, D. W., 1967: The junctional specializations of Sertoli cells in the seminiferous epithelium. Anat. Rec., 158, 2, 207–221. DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091580210
- 23. Nicander, L., 1967: An electron microscopical study of cell contacts in the seminiferous tubules of some mammals. Z. Zellforsch. mikrosk. Anat., 83, 375–397. DOI: 10.1007/BF00336866
- 24. Gilula, N. B., Fawcett, D. W., Aoki, A., 1976: The Sertoli cell occluding junctions and gap junctions in mature and developing mammalian testis. Dev. Biol., 50, 1, 142–168. DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(76)90074-9
- 25. Eusebi, F., Grassi, F., Fratamico, G., Dolci, S., Conti, M., Stefanini, M., 1985: Cell-to-cell communication in cultured Sertoli cells. Pfl ü gers Arch., 404, 382–384. DOI: 10.1007/BF00585353
- 26. Carr, I., Clegg, E. J., Meek, G. A., 1968: Sertoli cells as phagocytes: an electron microscopic study. J. Anat., 102, 3, 501–509.
- 27. Kerr, J. B., de Kretser, D. M., 1974: The role of the Sertoli cell in phagocytosis of the residual bodies of spermatids. J. Reprod. Fertil., 36, 2, 439–440. DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.0360439
- 28. de Kretser, D. M., Kerr, J. B., 1994: The Cytology of the Testis. In: Knobil, E., Neill J. D.: The Physiology of Reproduction. 2nd ed., Raven Press, New York. 1177–1290.
- 29. Russell, L. D., Clermont, Y., 1977: Degeneration of germ cells in normal, hypophysectomized and hormone treated hypophysectomized rats. Anat. Rec., 187, 3, 347–366. DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091870307
- 30. Chemes, H., 1986: The phagocytic function of Sertoli cells: a morphological, biochemical, and endocrinological study of lysosomes and acid phosphatase localization in the rat testis. Endocrinology, 119, 4, 1673–1681. DOI: 10.1210/endo-119-4-1673
- 31. Nakagawa, A., Shiratsuchi, A., Tsuda, K., Nakanishi, Y., 2005: In vivo analysis of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by testicular Sertoli cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 71, 2, 166–177. DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20278
- 32. Murphy, C. J., Richburg, J. H., 2015: Implications of Sertoli cell induced germ cell apoptosis to testicular pathology. Spermatogenesis, 4, 2, 1–7. DOI: 10.4161/21565562.2014.979110
- 33. Yefimova, M. G., Messaddeq, N., Meunier, A. C., Cantereau, A., Jegou, B., Bourmeyster, N., 2018: Phagocytosis by Sertoli cells: analysis of main phagocytosis steps by confocal and electron microscopy. Methods Mol. Biol., 1748, 85–101. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7698-0_8
- 34. Russell, L. D, Saxena, N. K., Turner, T. T., 1989: Cytoskeletal involvement in spermiation and sperm transport. Tissue Cell, 21, 361–379.
- 35. Wen, Q., Tang, E. I., Xiao, X., Gao, Y., Chu, D. S., Mruk, D. D., et al., 2016: Transport of germ cells across the semi-niferous epithelium during spermatogenesis-the involvement of both actin- and microtubule-based cytoskeletons. Tissue Barriers, 4, 4, 1–13. DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1265042
- 36. Fawcett, D. W., Phillips, D. M., 1969: Observations on the release of spermatozoa and on changes in the head during passage through the epididymis. J. Reprod. Fert., 6, 405–418.
- 37. Vitale-Calpe, R., 1970: Ultrastructural studies of spontaneous spermiation in the guinea pig. Z. Zellforsch. mikrosk. Anat., 105, 222–233.
- 38. Vitale-Calpe, R., Burgos, M., 1970: The mechanism of spermiation in the hamster: I. Ultrastructure of spontaneous spermiation. J. Ultrastruct. Res., 31, 5–6, 381–393.
- 39. Russell, L. D., 1984: Spermiation – the sperm release process: ultrastructural observations and unresolved problems. 46–66. In: Van Blerkom, J., Motta, P. M.: Electron Microscopy in Biology and Medicine. Vol. 2. Martinus Nijhoff; Boston, MA.
- 40. O ’ Donnell, L., Nicholls, P. K., O ’ Bryan, M. K., McLachlan, R. I., Stanton, P. G., 2011: Spermiation: The process of sperm release. Spermatogenesis, 1, 1, 14–35. DOI: 10.4161/spmg.1.1.14525
- 41. Upadhyay, R. D., Kumar, A. V., Ganeshan, M., Balasinor, N. H., 2012: Tubulobulbar complex: Cytoskeletal remodeling to release spermatozoa. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 10, 27, 1–18. DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-27
- 42. Setchell, B. P., 1970: The secretion of fluid by the testes of rats, rams and goats with some observations on the effect of age, cryptorchidism and hypophysectomy. J. Reprod. Fertil., 23, 1, 79–85. DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.0230079
- 43. Tuck, R. R., Setchell, B. P., Waites, G. M. H., Young, J. A., 1970: The composition of fluid collected by micropuncture and catheterization from the seminiferous tubules and rete testis of rats. Pflugers Arch., 318, 225–243. DOI: 10.1007/BF00593663
- 44. Setchell, B. P., Davies, R. V., Gladwell, R. T., Hinton, B. T., Main, S. J., Pilsworth, L., Waites, G. M. H., 1978: The movement of fluid in the seminiferous tubules and rete testis. Ann. Biol. Anim. biochem. Biophys., 18, 623–632.
- 45. Osman, D. I., 1978: On the ultrastructure of modified Sertoli cells in the terminal segment of seminiferous tubules in the boar. J. Anat., 127, 603–613.
- 46. Osman, D. I., Pl ö en, L., 1979: Fine structure of the modified Sertoli cells in the terminal segment of the seminiferous tubules of the bull, ram and goat. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 2, 4, 343–351. DOI: 10.1016/0378-4320(79)90021-6
- 47. Wrobel, K.-H., Sinowatz, F., Mademann, R., 1982: The fine structure of the terminal segment of the bovine seminiferous tubule. Cell Tissue Res., 225: 29–44. DOI: 10.1007/BF00216216
- 48. Seco-Rovira, V., Beltr á n-Frutos, E., Mart í nez-Hern á ndez, J., Madrid, J. F., Pastor, L. M., 2025: The terminal segment of the seminiferous tubule: the current discovery of its morphofunctional importance in mammals. Cells, 14, 4, 305. DOI: 10.3390/cells14040305
- 49. Sharpe, R. M., 1988: Bidirectional secretion by the Sertoli cell. Int. J. Androl., 11, 2, 87–91. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1988.tb00983.x
- 50. Saez, J. M., Tabone, E., Perrard-Sapori, M. H., Rivarola, M. A., 1986: Paracrine role of Sertoli cells. Med. Biol., 63, 5–6, 225–236.
- 51. Lejeune, H., Skalli, M., Chatelain, P. G., Avallet, O., Saez, J. M., 1992: The paracrine role of Sertoli cells on Leydig cell function. Cell Biol. Toxicol., 8, 73–83. DOI: 10.1007/BF00130513
- 52. Shubhada, S., Glinz, M., Lamb, D. J., 1993: Sertoli cell secreted growth factor. Cellular origin, paracrine and endocrine regulation of secretion. J. Androl., 14, 2, 99–109.
- 53. Wu, N., Murono, E. P., 1994: A Sertoli cell-secreted paracrine factor(s) stimulates proliferation and inhibits steroidogenesis of rat Leydig cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 106, 1–2, 99–109. DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(94)90191-0
- 54. Griswold, M. D., 1988: Protein secretions of Sertoli cells. Int. Rev. Cytol., 110, 133–156.
- 55. Griswold, M. D., 1993: Protein secretion by Sertoli cells: general considerations. Pp. 195–200. In: Russell, L. D., Griswold, M. D.: The Sertoli cell. Cache River Press. Clearwater, Florida.
- 56. de Winter, J. P., Vanderstichele, H. M., Timmerman, M. A., Blok, L. J., Themmen, A. P., de Jong, F. H., 1993: Activin is produced by rat Sertoli cells in vitro and can act as an autocrine regulator of Sertoli cell function. Endocrinology, 132, 3, 975–982. DOI: 10.1210/endo.132.3.7679985
- 57. Tran, D., Josso, N., Meusy-Dessolle, N., 1977: Anti-Müllerian hormone is a functional marker of foetal Sertoli cells. Nature, 269, 411–412. DOI: 10.1038/269411a0
- 58. Picard, J. Y., Tran, D., Josso, N., 1978: Biosynthesis of labelled anti-müllerian hormone by fetal testes: evidence for the glycoprotein nature of the hormone and for its disulfide-bonded structure. Mol. Cell Endocrinol., 12, 1, 17–30. DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(78)90098-9
- 59. Tran, D., Josso, N., 1982: Localization of anti-Müllerian hormone in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the developing bovine Sertoli cell using immunocytochemistry with a monoclonal antibody. Endocrinology, 111, 5, 1562–1567. DOI: 10.1210/endo-111-5-1562
- 60. Chowdhury, M., Steinberger, A., Steinberger, E., 1978: Inhibition of de novo synthesis of FSH by the Sertoli cell factor (SCF). Endocrinol., 103, 2, 644–647. DOI: 10.1210/endo-103-2-644
- 61. Steinberger, A., 1979: Inhibin production by Sertoli cells in culture. J. Reprod. Fertil., Suppl. 26, 31–45.
- 62. French, F. S., Ritz é n, E. M., 1973: Androgen-binding protein: in vitro synthesis and localization in Sertoli cells. Endocrinology, 93, 1, 88 – 95.
- 63. Hansson, V., Trygstad, O., French, F. S., McLean, W., S., Smith, A. A., Tindall, D. J., et al., 1974: Androgen transport and receptor mechanisms in testis and epididymis. Nature, 250, 387–391. DOI: 10.1038/250387a0
- 64. Tindall, D. J., Schrader, W. T., Means, A. R., 1974: The production of androgen binding protein by Sertoli cells. Curr. Top. Mol. Endocrinol., 1: 167–175. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2595-6_9
- 65. Hagen ä s, L., Ritz é n, E. M., Pl ö en, L., Hansson, V., French, F. S., Nayfeh, S. N., 1975: Sertoli cell origin of testicular androgen-binding protein (ABP). Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2, 5, 339–350. DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(75)90021-0
- 66. Sharpe, R. M., Fraser, H. M., Cooper, I., Rommerts, F. F. G., 1981: Sertoli-Leydig cell communication via an LHRH-like factor. Nature, 290, 5809, 785–787. DOI: 10.1038/290785a0
- 67. Russell, L. D., Clermont, Y., 1976: Anchoring device between Sertoli cells and late spermatids in rat seminiferous tubules. Anat. Rec., 185, 259–278. DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091850302
- 68. Russell, L. D., 1979: Further observations on tubulobulbar complexes formed by late spermatids and Sertoli cells in the rat testis. Anat. Rec., 194, 213–232. DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091940204
- 69. Russell, L. D., Malone, J. P., 1980: A study of Sertoli-spermatid tubulobulbar complexes in selected mammals. Tissue Cell, 12, 2, 263–285. DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(80)90005-1
- 70. Fawcett, D. W., 1975: Ultrastructure and function of the Sertoli cell. Pp. 21–55. In: Hamilton, D. W., Greep, R. O.: The Physiology of Reproduction. The Male Reproduction System. American Physiological Society, Washington, D. C.
- 71. Schulze, C., Holstein, A. F., Schirren, C., K ö rner, F., 1976: On the morphology of the human Sertoli cells under normal conditions and in patients with impaired fertility. Andrologia 8, 167–178. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1976.tb02128.x
- 72. Pl ö en, L., Ritz é n, E. M., 1984: Fine structural features of Sertoli cells. 67–74. In Van Blerkom, J., Motta, P. M.: Ultrastructure of Reproduction, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston, The Hague, Lancaster.
- 73. Hess, R. A., Fran ç a, L. R., 2005: Structure of the Sertoli cell. Pp. 19–40. In: Griswold, M., Skinner, M.: Sertoli Cell Biology, Elsevier Academic Press. San Diego, California, USA.
- 74. Zibr í n, M., Pivko, J., Ka č m á rik, J., Ciberej J., Tomajkov á, E., 2005: Classification of cell structures: A functional approach demonstrated on Sertoli cell with a minireview on its structure and functions. Biol. Bratisl., 60, 615–624.
- 75. Kerr, J. B., Loveland, K. L., O ’ Bryan, M. K., de Kretser, D. M., 2006: Sertoli cell. 864–887. In: J. D. Neill: Knobil and Neill ’ s Physiology of Reproduction, Third edition, Elsevier.
- 76. Fran ç a, L. R., Hess, R. A, Dufour, J. M., Hofmann, M. C., Griswold, M. D., 2016: The Sertoli cell: one hundred fifty years of beauty and plasticity. Andrology, 4, 2, 189–212. DOI: 10.1111/andr.12165
- 77. Nicander, L., Abdel-Raouf, M., Crabo, B., 1961: On the ultrastructure of the seminiferous tubules in bull calves. Acta Morph. Neer. Scand., 4, 127–135.
- 78. Nicander, L., 1963: Some ultrastructural features of mammalian Sertoli cells. J. Ultrastruct. Res., 8, 190–191. (Abstr.)
- 79. Zibr í n, M., 1972: Multivesicular nuclear body with nucleolar activity in Sertoli cells of bulls. Z. Zellforsch. mikrosk. Anat., 135, 155–164.
- 80. Bielanska-Osuchowska, Z., Sysa, P. S., 1981: Ultrastructure of the bull seminiferous tubule supporting cells with special consideration of the cell junctions. Anat. Histol. Embryol., 10, 370–387. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1981.tb00701.x
- 81. Ekstedt, E., S ö derquist L., Pl ö en, L., 1986: Fine structure of spermatogenesis and Sertoli cells (Epitheliocytus sustentans) in the bull. Anat. Histol. Embryol., 15, 1, 23–48. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1986.tb00529.x
- 82. Sinowatz, F., Amselgruber, W., 1986: Postnatal development of bovine Sertoli cells. Anat. Embryol., 174, 413–423. DOI: 10.1007/BF00698792
- 83. Sinowatz, F., Amselgruber, W., 1988: Ultrastructure of sustentacular (Sertoli) cells in the bovine testis. Acta Anat., 133, 4, 274–281. DOI: 10.1159/000146654
- 84. Wrobel, K.-H., Schimmel, M., 1989: Morphology of the bovine Sertoli cell during the spermatogenetic cycle. Cell Tissue Res., 257, 1, 93–103. DOI: 10.1007/BF00221638
- 85. Antal í kov á, L., Rozinek, J., 1992: Morphologic and cytochemical study of Sertoli cell nucleoli of ruminants. [In Czech, abstracts in Engl. and Ger.] Vet. Med. (Prague) 37, 1–9.
- 86. Abd-Elmaksoud, A., 2005: Morphological, glycohisto-chemical, and immunohistochemical studies on the embryonic and adult bovine testis. Dissertation LMU München. DOI: 10.5282/edoc.3978
- 87. Wrobel, K.-H., Reichold, J., Schimmel, M., 1995: Quantitative morphology of the ovine seminiferous epithelium, Ann. Anat. - Anat. Anz., 177, 1, 19–32. DOI: 10.1016/S0940-9602(11)80126-3
- 88. Pogacnik, A., 1987: Ultrastructure of Sertoli cells in some ruminants. (in Slovenian, Abstr. in Engl.). Zb. Bioteh. Fak. Univ. E. Kardelja, Vet., 24, 177–210.
- 89. Zibr í n, M., Cig á nkov á, V., Tomajkov á, E., Ko č i š, J., 1990: Nucleolus of Sertoli cells in domestic and wild animals. [In Slovak, abstracts in Engl. and Ger.], Vet. Med. (Praha), 35, 501–512.
- 90. Azmi, T. I., Bongso, T. A., Harisah, M., Basrur, P. K., 1990: The Sertoli cell of the water buffalo – an electron-microscopic study. Can. J. Vet. Res., 54, 93–98. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1255611/pdf/cjvetres00045-0095.pdf
- 91. Pawar, H. Ch., Wrobel, K. H., 1991: The Sertoli cell of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) during the spermatogenic cycle. Cell Tissue Res., 265, 43–50. DOI: 10.1007/BF00318137
- 92. Kurohmaru, M., Yamashiro, S., Azmi, T. I., Basrur, B. K., 1992: An ultrastructural study of the Sertoli cell in the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Anat. Histol. Embryol., 21, 1, 82–90. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1992.tb00323.x
- 93. Andriana, B. B., Ishii, M., Kanai, Y., Kimura, J., Fukuta, K., Kurohmaru, M., et al., 2003: Multivesicular nuclear body in Sertoli cells of the lesser mouse deer, Tragulus javanicus. Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 80, 2–3, 35–39. DOI: 10.2535/ofaj.80.35
- 94. Ezeasor, D. N., Singh, A., 1987: Morphologic features of Sertoli cells in the intraabdominal testes of cryptorchid dwarf goats. Am. J. Vet. Res., 48, 12, 1736–1745.
- 95. Singh, A., Ezeasor, D., 1989: Ultrastructure of Sertoli cells in scrotal testis of unilaterally cryptorchid goat. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 296, 159–164.
- 96. Godwin, O. C., Daniel, E. N., 2016: Characteristics of Sertoli cells in the ectopic and scrotal testes of unilateral crypt-orchid West African dwarf goats. Folia Morphol., 75, 3, 355–363. DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2015.0124
- 97. Jurado, S. B., Kurohmaru, M., Hayashi, Y., 1994: An ultrastructural study of the Sertoli cell in the Shiba goat. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 56, 1, 33–38. DOI: 10.1292/jvms.56.33
- 98. Andriana, B. B., Mizukami, T., Ishii, M., Kanai, Y., Kurohmaru, M., Hayashi, Y., 2004: Postnatal development of multivesicular nuclear body in the Shiba goat Sertoli cell: an ultrastructural study. Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 81, 1, 15–23. DOI: 10.2535/ofaj.81.15
- 99. Elsayed, E. H., 2008: Seasonal variation in the ultrastructure of the Sertoli cells in Egyptian Nubian (Zaraibi) goat bucks. Small Ruminant Res., 74, 1, 16–22. DOI: 10.1016/j.small-rumres.2007.02.011
- 100. Wrobel, K-H., Kessler, M., Schimmel, M., 1993: Quantitative evaluations of the tubular epithelium in the testis of the fallow deer (Dama dama). Reprod. Dom. Anim., 28, 1, 1–13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.1993.tb00986.x
- 101. Birnstiel, M. L., Chipchase, M. I. H., Hyde, B. B., 1963: The nucleolus, a source of ribosomes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (Amst.), 76, 454–462.
- 102. Perry, R. P., 1965: The nucleolus and the synthesis of ribosomes. Nat. Cancer Inst. Monogr., 18, 325–340.
- 103. Busch, H., Smetana, K., 1970: The Nucleolus. Academic Press. New York and London, 626 pp.
- 104. Smetana, K., Bush, H., 1974: The nucleolus and nucleolar DNA. Pp. 73–147. In Busch, H.: The Cell Nucleus, Acad. Press, New York.
- 105. Cmarko, D., Smigova, J., Minichova, L., Popov, A., 2008: Nucleolus: The ribosome factory. Histol. Histopathol., 23, 10, 1291–1298. DOI: 10.14670/HH-23.1291
- 106. Dubois, M. L., Boisvert, F. M., 2016: The nucleolus: structure and function. Pp. 29–49. In: Bazett-Jones, D. P., Dellaire, G.: The Functional Nucleus. Springer, Cham.
- 107. Cooper, G. M., Hausman, R. E., 2007: The Cell: A Molecular Approach. (4th ed.). 371–379. Sinauer Associates. 820 pp. ISBN 978-0878932207.
- 108. Smetana, K., 2011: The nucleolus through the years. J. Applied Biol., 9, 3, 119–127. DOI: 10.2478/v10136-011-0010-7
- 109. Ponti, D., 2025: The nucleolus: A central hub for ribosome biogenesis and cellular regulatory signals. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26, 9, 4174, DOI: 10.3390/ijms26094174
- 110. Wilson, R. M., Griswold, M. D., 1979: Secreted proteins from rat Sertoli cells. Exp. Cell Res., 123, 1, 127–135. DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(79)90429-4
- 111. Wright, W. W., Musto, N. A., Mather, J. P., Bardin, C. W., 1981: Sertoli cells secrete both testis-specific and serum proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78, 12, 7565–7569. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.12.7565
- 112. Kissinger, C., Skinner, M. K., Griswold, M. D., 1982: Analysis of Sertoli cell-secreted proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Biol. Reprod., 27, 1, 233–240. DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod27.1.233
- 113. Zheng, B., Zou, Y., Jiang, H., Chen, J., 2015: Proteome profiling of Sertoli cells using a GeLC-MS/MS strategy. Methods Mol. Biol., 1269, 179–191. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2242-9_16
- 114. Zhang, P., He, W., Huang, Y., Xiao, K., Tang, Y., Huang, L., et al. 2021: Proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiles of Sertoli cells in buffalo. Theriogenology. 170, 1–14. DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.04.013
- 115. Dubrausky, V., Pohlmann, G., 1960: Strukturveränderungen am Nukleolus von Korpusendometriumzellen während der Sekretionphase. Naturwissenschaften 47, 523–530.
- 116. Clyman, M. J., 1963: A new structure observed in the nucleolus of the human endometrial epithelial cell. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 86, 4, 430–432. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(63)90166-2
- 117. Terzakis, J. A., 1965: The nucleolar channel system of the human endometrium. J. Cell Biol. 27, 2, 293–304. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.27.2.293
- 118. More, I. A. R., Armstrong, E. M., McSeveney, D., Chat-field, W. R., 1974: The morphogenesis and fate of the nucleolar channel system in the human endometrial glandular cell. J. Ultrastruct. Res., 47, 1, 74–85. DIO: 10.1016/S0022-5320(74)90027-6
- 119. More, I. A. R., McSeveney, D., 1980: The three dimensional structure of the nucleolar channel system in the endometrial glandular cell: serial sectioning and high voltage electron microscopic studies. J. Anat., 130, 4, 673–682. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1233194/pdf/janat00236-0009.pdf
- 120. Spornitz, U. M., 1992: The functional morphology of the human endometrium and decidua. Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol., 124, 1–99. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-58099-4
- 121. Wang, T., Schneider, J., 1992: Origin and fate of the nucleolar channel system of normal human endometrium. Cell Res., 2, 97–102. DOI: 10.1038/cr.1992.10
- 122. Novotn ý, R., Mal í nsk ý, J., Oborn á, I., Dost á l, J., 1999: Nuclear channel system (NCS) in normal endometrium and after hormonal stimulation. Acta Univ. Palacki. Olomuc. Fac. Med., 142, 41–46. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10743723/
- 123. Kohorn, E. I., Rice, S. I., Gordon, M., 1970: In vitro production of nucleolar channel system by progesterone in human endometrium. Nature, 228, 671–672. DOI: 10.1038/228671a0
- 124. Guffanti, E., Kittur, N., Brodt, Z. N., Polotsky, A. J., Kuokkanen, S. M., Heller, D. S., et al., 2008: Nuclear pore complex proteins mark the implantation window in human endometrium. J. Cell Sci., 121, 12, 2037–2045. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.030437
- 125. Nejat, E. J., Ruiz-Alonso, M., Sim ó n, C., Meier, U. T., 2014: Timing the window of implantation by nucleolar channel system prevalence matches the accuracy of the endome-trial receptivity array. Fertil. Steril., 102, 5, 1477–1481. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.1254
- 126. Rybak, E. A., Szmyga, M. J., Zapantis, G., Rausch, M., Beshay, V. E., Polotsky, A. J., et al., 2011: The nucleolar channel system reliably marks the midluteal endometrium regardless of fertility status: a fresh look at an old organelle. Fertil. Steril., 95, 4, 1385–1389. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.10.030
- 127. Ryder, T. A., Mobberley, M. A., Whitehead, M. I., 1995: The endometrial nucleolar channel system as an indicator of progestin potency in HRT. Maturitas, 22, 1, 31–36. DOI: 10.1016/0378-5122(95)00912-5
- 128. Kittur, N., Zapantis, G., Aubuchon, M., Santoro, N., Bazett-Jones, D. P., Meier, U. T., 2007: The nucleolar channel system of human endometrium is related to endoplasmic reticulum and R-rings. Mol. Biol. Cell, 18, 6, 2296–2304. DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-02-0154
- 129. Preston, C. C., Stoddard, A. C., Faustino, R. S., 2022: A transient mystery: nucleolar channel systems. Results Probl. Cell Differ., 70, 581–593. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06573-6_20
- 130. Gore, B. Z., Gordon, M., 1974: Fine structure of epithelial cell of secretory endometrium in unexplained primary infertility. Fertil. Steril., 25, 2, 103–107. DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)40208-6
- 131. Dehou, M. F., Lejeune, B., Arijs, C., Leroy, F., 1987: Endometrial morphology in stimulated in vitro fertilization cycles and after steroid replacement therapy in cases of primary ovarian failure. Fertil. Steril., 48, 6, 995–1000. DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)59598-3
- 132. Dockery, P., Pritchard, K, Warren, M. A., Li, T. C., Cooke, I. D., 1996: Changes in nuclear morphology in the human endometrial glandular epithelium in women with unexplained infertility. Hum. Reprod., 11, 10, 2251–2256. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019085
- 133. Nejat, E. J., Szmyga, M. J., Zapantis, G., Meier, U. T., 2014: Progesterone threshold determines nucleolar channel system formation in human endometrium. Reprod. Sci., 21, 7, 915–920. DOI: 10.1177/1933719113519177
- 134. Mosimann, M., Kohler, T., 1990: Zytologie, Histologie und mikroskopische Anatomie der Hauss ä ugetiere. Paul Parey, Hamburg. 338 pp.
- 135. Eurell, J. A., Frappier, B. L., 2006: Dellmann ´ s Textbook of Veterinary Histology. 6th ed., Blackwell Publishing, Ames, Iowa, USA. 1–406. Diagram of Sertoli cell, pp. 236
- 136. Liu, M., Cao, G., Zhang, Y., Qu, J., Li, W., Wan, X., et al., 2016: Changes in the morphology and protein expression of germ cells and Sertoli cells in plateau pikas testes during non-breeding season. Sci. Rep., 6, 22697. DOI: 10.1038/srep22697
- 137. Sinha Hikim, A. P., Bartke, A., Russell, L. D., 1988: The seasonal breeding hamster as a model to study structure-function relationships in the testis, Tissue Cell, 20, 1, 63–78. DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(88)90008-0
- 138. Mu ñ oz, E. M., Fogal, T,, Dominguez, S., Scardapane, L., Piezzi, R. S., 2001: Ultrastructural and morphometric study of the Sertoli cell of the viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus) during the annual reproductive cycle. Anat. Rec., 262, 2, 176–185. DOI: 10.1002/1097-0185(20010201)262:2<;176::AIDAR1022>3.0.CO;2-I
- 139. Sinha Hikim, A. P., Bartke, A., 2005: Sertoli cell biology in seasonal breeders. Pp. 81–92. In Skinner, M. K., Griswold, M. D.: Sertoli Cell Biology. Elsevier Academic Press. DOI: 10.1016/B978-012647751-1/50007-6
- 140. Cameron, D., Markwald, R. R. Worthington, W. C., 1972: Ultrastructural and histochemical effects of FSH on Sertoli cells of rats. (Abstr.) Anat. Rec., 182, 184.
- 141. Johnson, L., Thompson, D. L., 1987: Effect of seasonal changes in Leydig cell number on the volume of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in Leydig cells and intratesticular testosterone content in stallions. J. Reprod. Fert., 81, 1, 227–232. DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.0810227
- 142. Hrudka, F., Latshaw, W. K., 1993: Morphological evidence of cyclic changes observed in Leydig cells of a chime-ric mouse. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol., 25, 1–17.
- 143. Payne, A. H., Hardy, M. P., Russell, L. D., 1996: The Leydig Cell. Cache River Press, Vienna, Illinois, 802 pp.
- 144. Zirkin, B. R., Papadopoulos, V., 2018: Leydig cells: formation, function, and regulation. Biol. Reprod., 99, 1, 101–111. DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy059
- 145. Short, R. V., Mann, T., 1966: The sexual cycle of a seasonally breeding mammal, the roebuck (Capreolus capreolus). J. Reprod. Fert., 12, 2, 337–351. DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.0120337
- 146. Schams, D., Barth, D., 1982: Annual profiles of reproductive hormones in peripheral plasma of the male roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). J. Reprod. Fert., 66, 2, 463–468. DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.0660463
- 147. Roelants, H., Schneider, F., G ö ritz, F., Streich, J., Blot-tner, S., 2002: Seasonal changes of spermatogonial proliferation in roe deer, demonstrated by flow cytometric analysis of c-kit receptor, in relation to follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone. Biol. Reprod., 66, 2, 305–312. DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod66.2.305
- 148. Blottner, S., Hingst, O., Meyer., H. H. D., 1996: Seasonal spermatogenesis and testosterone production in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). J. Reprod. Fert., 108, 2, 299–305. DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.1080299
- 149. Kerr, J. B., Donachie, K., Rommerts, F. F. G., 1985: Selective destruction and regeneration of rat Leydig cells in vivo. A new method for the study of seminiferous tubular-interstitial tissue interaction. Cell Tissue Res., 242, 1, 145–156. DOI: 10.1007/BF00225571
- 150. Morris, I. D., Phillips, D. M., Bardin, C. W., 1986: Ethylene dimethanesulfonate destroys Leydig cells in the rat testis. Endocrinology, 118, 2, 709–719. DOI: 10.1210/endo-118-2-709
- 151. Kerr, J. B., Bartlett, J. M. S., Donachie, K., Sharpe, R. M., 1987: Origin of regenerating Leydig cells in the testis of the adult rat. An ultrastructural, morphometric and hormonal assay study. Cell Tissue Res., 249, 2, 367–377. DOI: 10.1007/BF00215521
- 152. Kerr, J. B., Knell, C. M., Abbott, M., Donachie, K., 1987: Ultrastructural analysis of the effect of ethane dimethanesulphonate on the testis of the rat, guinea pig, hamster and mouse. Cell Tissue Res. 249, 2, 451–457. DOI: 10.1007/BF00215530
- 153. Teerds, K. J., De Rooij, D. G., Rommerts, F. F. G., van den Hurk, R., Wensing, C. J. G., 1989: Stimulation of the proliferation and differentiation of Leydig cell precursors after the destruction of existing Leydig cells with ethane dime-thyl sulphonate (EDS) can take place in the absence of LH. J. Androl., 10, 6, 472–477. DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.1989. tb00143.x
- 154. Saraste, A., 1999: Morphologic criteria and detection of apoptosis. Herz, 24, 3, 189–195. DOI: 10.1007/BF03044961
- 155. Elmore, S., 2007: Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol. Pathol., 35, 4, 495–516. DOI: 10.1080/01926230701320337
- 156. Lockshin, R. A., 2023: One-half century (or more) of study of cell death: origins, present, and perhaps future. Front. Cell Death, 2, 1–5. DOI: 10.3389/fceld.2023.1197400
- 157. Yang, W., Li, L., Huang, X., Kan, G., Lin, L., Cheng, J., et al., 2017: Levels of Leydig cell autophagy regulate the fertility of male naked mole-rats. Oncotarget, 8, 58, 98677–98690. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22088
- 158. Gao, F., Li, G., Liu, C., Gao, H., Wang, H., Liu, W., et al., 2018: Autophagy regulates testosterone synthesis by facilitating cholesterol uptake in Leydig cells. J. Cell Biol., 217, 6, 2103–2119. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201710078
- 159. Afzal, A., Zhang, Y., Afzal, H., Saddozai, U. A. K., Zhang, L., Ji, X. Y., et al., 2024: Functional role of autophagy in testicular and ovarian steroidogenesis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 12, 1–12. DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1384047
- 160. Esmaeilian, Y., Hela, F., Bildik, G., İ ltumur, E., Yusufoglu, S., Yildiz, C. S., et al., 2023: Autophagy regulates sex steroid hormone synthesis through lysosomal degradation of lipid droplets in human ovary and testis. Cell Death Dis., 14, 5, 342. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05864-3
- 161. Yi., J., Tang, X. M., 1995: Functional implication of autophagy in steroid-secreting cells of the rat. Anat. Rec. 242, 2, 137–146. DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092420202
- 162. Weckman, A., Di Ieva, A., Rotondo, F., Syro, L. V., Ortiz, L. D., Kovacs, K., 2014: Autophagy in the endocrine glands. J. Mol. Endocrinol., 52, 2, 151–163. DOI: 10.1530/JME-13-0241
- 163. Kerr, J. F. R., Wyllie, A. H., Currie, A. R., 1972: Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer, 26, 239–257. DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1972.33
- 164. Mustafa, M., Ahmad, R., Tantry, I. Q., Ahmad, W., Siddiqui, S., Alam, M., et al., 2024: Apoptosis: A comprehensive overview of signaling pathways, morphological changes, and physiological significance and therapeutic implications. Cells, 13, 22, 1838. DOI: 10.3390/CELLS13221838
- 165. Beltr á n-Frutos, E., Seco-Rovira, V., Mart í nez-Hern á ndez, J., Ferrer, C., Serrano-S á nchez, M. I., Pastor, L. M., 2022: Cellular modifications in spermatogenesis during seasonal testicular regression: An update review in mammals. Animals (Basel), 12, 13, 1–17. DOI: 10.3390/ani12131605
- 166. Parzych, K. R., Klionsky, D. J., 2014: An overview of autophagy: morphology, mechanism, and regulation. Antioxid. Redox Signal., 20, 3, 460–473. DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5371
- 167. Saha, S., Panigrahi, D. P., Patil, S., Bhutia, S. K., 2018: Autophagy in health and disease: A comprehensive review. Biomed. Pharmacother., 104, 485–495. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.007
- 168. Liu, S., Yao, S., Yang, H., Liu, S., Wang, Y., 2023: Auto-phagy: Regulator of cell death. Cell Death Dis., 14, 10, 648. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06154-8
- 169. Eisenberg-Lerner, A., Bialik, S., Simon, H. U., Kimchi, A., 2009: Life and death partners: apoptosis, autophagy and the cross-talk between them. Cell Death Differ., 16, 966–975. DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.33
- 170. Fan, Y. J., Zong, W. X., 2013: The cellular decision between apoptosis and autophagy. Chin. J. Cancer., 32, 3, 121–129. DOI: 10.5732/cjc.012.10106
- 171. Mari ñ o, G., Niso-Santano, M., Baehrecke, E. H., Kroemer, G., 2014: Self-consumption: the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 15, 2, 81–94. DOI: 10.1038/nrm3735
- 172. Zhu, H., Zhang, Y., 2018: Life and death partners in post-PCI restenosis: apoptosis, autophagy, and the cross-talk between them. Curr. Drug Targets, 19, 9, 1003–1008. DOI: 10. 2174/1389450117666160625072521
- 173. Teerds, K., de Rooij, D. K., Rommerts, F. F. G., Wensing, C. J. G., 1988: The regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of Leydig cell precursor cells after EDS administration or daily hCG treatment. J. Androl., 9, 5, 343–351. DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.1988.tb01061.x
- 174. Chen, H., Ge, R. S., Zirkin, B. R., 2009: Leydig cells: From stem cells to aging. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 306, 1–2, 9–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.01.023
- 175. Teerds, K. J., De Rooij, D. G., Rommerts, F. F., van der Tweel, I., Wensing, C. J. G., 1989: Turnover time of Leydig cells and other interstitial cells in testes of adult rats. Arch. Androl., 23, 2, 105–111. DOI: 10.3109/01485018908986831
- 176. Blottner, S., Schoen, J., 2005: Minimal activity in both proliferation and apoptosis of interstitial cells indicates seasonally persisting Leydig cell population in roe deer. Cell Tissue Res., 321, 3, 473–478. DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-1132-6
- 177. Klonisch, T., Sch ö n, J., Hombach-Klonisch, S., Blottner, S., 2006: The roe deer as a model for studying seasonal regulation of testis function. Int. J. Androl., 29, 1, 122–128. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00603.x
- 178. Nelson, R. J., Zucker, I., 1987: Spontaneous testicular recrudescence of Syrian hamsters: Role of stimulatory photo-periods. Physiol. Behav., 39, 5, 615–617. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(87)90161-2
- 179. Russel, L. D., Chandrashekar, V., Bartke, A., Sinha Hikim, A. P., 1994: The hamster Sertoli cell in early testicular regression and early recrudescence: A stereological and endocrine study. Int. J. Androl., 17, 2, 93–106. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1994.tb01226.x
