References
- 1. Ola-Fadunsin, S. D., Abdullah, D. A., Hussain, K., Rabiu, M., Ganiyu, I. A., Karaye, P. G., 2019: Review on avian helminthoses diagnosed in Osun State veterinary clinics, southwest, Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science, 21, 1, 121–127. DOI: 10.4314/IJS.V21I1.10
- 2. Lawal, J. R., Jajere, S. M., Ibrahim, U. I., Biu, A. A., Jonathan, D., 2023: Epidemiology of gastrointestinal helminths among chickens (Gallus domesticus) from Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria: prevalence, helminth burden and associated risk factors. Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop., 76, 1–9. DOI: 10.19182/remvt.37127
- 3. Adeyemi, O. O., Idowu, E. T., Akinsanya, B., Jatau, I. D., Oladipo, T. M., 2024: Gastrointestinal parasites and associated gut pathology in chickens sold at live-bird markets in Lagos State, South Western Nigeria. Arhiv Veterinarske Medicine, 17, 2, 39–58. DOI: 10.46784/e-avm.v17i2.411
- 4. Benisheikh, A. A. G., Kyari, F., Muhammed, K. 2020: Prevalence and morphometric profile of capillariasis in turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) reared in semi-arid region of Borno State, Nigeria. Int. J. Res., 7, 2, 112–115.
- 5. Jallailudeen, R. L., Mshelia, P. H., Mshelia, H. S., Umar, I., Abdullahi, A. T., Adamu, M., Abubakar, A., 2024: Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastrointestinal Helminth Infections in Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria. Abuja Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, 6, 2, 120–148. DOI: 10.36108/jvbs/4202.60.0221
- 6. Shifaw, A., Feyera, T., Sharpe, B., Elliott, T., Walk-den-Brown. S. W., Ruhnke I., 2023: Prevalence and magnitude of gastrointestinal helminth infections in cage-free laying chickens in Australia. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports, 37, 100819. DOI: 10.1016/j. vprsr.2022.100819
- 7. Patil, M., Sharma, R., Singh, P., 2023: Co-infections of Capillaria spp. and Heterakis spp. in backyard turkeys in India. Journal of Animal Parasitology, 14, 2, 115–122.
- 8. McDougald, L. R., Cervantes, H. M., Jenkins, M. C., Hess, M., Beckstead, R., 2020: Protozoal Infections. In Diseases of Poultry (eds. D. E. Swayne, M. Boulianne, C. M. Logue, L. R. McDougald, V. Nair, D. L. Suarez, S. Wit, T. Grimes, D. Johnson, M. Kromm, T. Y. Prajitno, I. Rubinoff and G. Zavala). DOI: 10.1002/9781119371199.ch28
- 9. Cupo, K. L., Beckstead, R. B., 2019: Heterakis gallinarum, the cecal nematode of Gallinaceous birds: A critical review. Avian Dis., 63, 3, 381–388. DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-63.3.381
- 10. Sharma, N., Hunt, P. W., Hine, B. C., Ruhnke, I., 2019: The impacts of Ascaridia galli on performance, health, and immune responses of laying hens: new insights into an old problem. Poult. Sci., 98, 12, 6517–6526. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez422
- 11. ElKhawas, S. S., 2020: An investigation of gastrointestinal tract parasites in some turkey farms: treatment trials. Egyp. Vet. Med. Soc. Parasitol. J., 16, 1, 63–79. DOI: 10.21608/EVMSPJ.2020.112693
- 12. Yevstafieva, V., Melnychuk, V. V., Bakhur, T., Nagorna, L. V., Nikiforova, O., Yatsenko, I., Reshetylo, O., 2022: Species-specific features of Aonchoteca bursata and Baruscapillaria obsignata (Nematoda, Capillariidae), infecting domestic chickens (Gallus gallus dom.). Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 25, 3, 480–491. DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2360
- 13. Soulsby, E. J. L., 1982: Helminthes, Arthropods, and Protozoa of Domestic Animals. 7th edition, Bailliere Tindall, London; pp. 83–115.
- 14. Holterman, M., van der Wurff, A., van den Elsen, S., van Megen, H., Bongers, T., Holovachov, O., et al., 2006: Phylum-wide analysis of SSU rDNA reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution toward crown clades. Mol. Biol. Evol., 23, 9, 1792–1800. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msl044
- 15. Permin, A., Hansen, J. W., 1998: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Poultry Parasites. FAO, Rome, Italy. https://www.fao.org/4/x0583e/x0583e.pdf
- 16. Reed, T. E., Daunt, F., Kiploks, A. J., Burthe, S. J., Gran-roth-Wilding, H. M., Takahashi, E. A., et al., 2012: Impacts of parasites in early life: contrasting effects on juvenile growth for different family members. PloS one, 7, 2, e32236. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032236
- 17. Perrucci, S., Maestrini, M., Coppola, F., Marco, M. D., Rosso, A. D., Pacini, M. I., et al., 2023: Gray wolf (Canis lupus italicus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) parasite survey in anthropized and natural areas of central Italy. Vet. Sci., 10, 2, 108. DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020108
- 18. Ademola, I. O., Eloff, J. N., 2011: In vitro anthelmintic activity of Combretum molle (R. Br. ex G. Don) (Combretaceae) against Haemonchus contortus ova and larvae. Vet. Parasitol., 169, 1–2, 198–203. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.12.036
- 19. Lighty, M., 2023: Deworming Backyard Poultry. PennState Extension. https://extension.psu.edu/deworming-backyard-poultry Extracted on August 27, 2025
- 20. Singh, R., Gupta, I., Patil, R. D., 2023: Ascariasis in poultry: A comprehensive review. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 12, 11S, 699–704. DOI: 10.22271/tpi.2023.v12.i11Sj.24021
- 21. Akter, S., Ghosh, S., Biswas, S. K., Das, T. K., Chisty, N. N., Sagor, S. I., et al., 2025: Biosecurity practices in commercial chicken farms: Contributing factors for zoonotic pathogen spread. IJID One Health, 7, 100072. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijidoh.2025.100072
- 22. World Population Prospects, 2024: United Nations population estimates and projections.
- 23. Soares, F. A., Benitez, A. D. N., Santos, B. M. D., Loiola, S. H. N., Rosa, S. L., Nagata, W. B., et al., 2020: A historical review of the techniques of recovery of parasites for their detection in human stools. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 53, e20190535. DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0535-2019
- 24. Ghafar, A., Abbas, G., King, J., Jacobson, C., Hughes, K. J., El-Hage, C., et al., 2021: Comparative studies on faecal egg counting techniques used for the detection of gastrointestinal parasites of equines: A systematic review. Curr. Res. Parasitol. Vector Borne Dis., 1, 100046. DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100046
- 25. Chromas | Technelysium Pty Ltd. (n.d.). Retrieved February 27, 2023, from https://technelysium.com.au/wp/chromas/
- 26. NCBI nucleotide BLAST (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi)
- 27. Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Kumar, S., 2021: MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11. Mol. Biol. Evol., 38, 7, 3022–3027. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab120
- 28. Montes-Vergara, D. E., Cardona-Alvarez, J., Pérez-Cordero, A., 2021: Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in three groups of domestic poultry managed under backyard system in the Savanna subregion, Department of Sucre, Colombia. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 8, 4, 606–611. DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021. h551
- 29. Tompkins, D. M., White, A., Boots, M., 2003: Ecological and evolutionary processes at the host–parasite interface: Host morphological and physiological responses. Parasitology. 126(Suppl): S23–S36.
- 30. Clayton, D. H., Moore, J., 2018: Host-parasite coevolution: General principles and avian models. Oxford University Press.
- 31. Ola-Fadunsin, S. D., Uwabujo, P. I., Sanda, I. M., Ganiyu, I. A., Hussain, K., Rabiu, M., et al., 2019: Gastrointestinal helminths of intensively managed poultry in Kwara Central, Kwara State, Nigeria: Its diversity, prevalence, intensity, and risk factors. Vet. World, 12, 3, 389–396. DOI: 10.14202/VET-WORLD.2019.389-396
- 32. Afia, U. U., Usip, L. P., Udoaka, U. E., 2019: Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in local and broiler chickens in Ibesikpo Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Am. J. Zool. Res., 7, 1, 1–7. DOI: 10.12691/ajzr-7-1-1