Comparison of the Efficiency of Diagnostic Tests Used to Prove Giardiasis in Terms of their Practicality and Use in the Veterinary Clinical Practice

Kaduková, Michaela; Andrea, Schreiberová; Gabriela, Štrkolcová

doi:10.2478/fv-2023-0027

Abstract

Giardiasis is a protozoan disease that affects the health of animals, as well as other humans all over the world. Based on its host spectrum and genetic variability, Giardia duodenalis is classified into 8 assemblages (A–H). The present study was aimed at comparing the efficiency of the three most frequently used methods (the flotation method, the SNAP test and the ELISA assay) for the detection of giardiasis in carnivores in terms of the applicability thereof for the scientific purposes and the practicality of their application in the veterinary clinical practice. In the period from March 2020 to February 2022, a total of 173 faecal samples (141 samples collected from shelter dogs; 28 samples from pet dogs; and 6 samples from working dogs) were examined by applying the flotation method. The prevalence of Giardia duodenalis identified by the flotation method was 25 %. The SNAP test conducted with the fresh faecal samples revealed the high-level efficiency of 96 %, whereas the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) achieved the efficiency of 65 %. By applying the nested PCR method, five samples were positively tested for assemblages C and D (G. canis) by the amplification of the bg and tpi loci. The dogs from shelters which were positive for G. duodenalis were also presented with a coinfection caused by other intestinal parasites, such as Trichuris vulpis (28.0 %) and parasites from the Ancylostomatidae family (8.0 %).

References

1. Adamová, V., Štrkolcová, G., Goldová, M., 2014: Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in dogs in Košice. Folia Vet., 58, 2, 69–71.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
2. Allain, T., Buret, A. G., 2020: Pathogenesis and post-infectious complications in giardiasis. J. Adv. Parasitol., 107, 173–199. DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.001.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
3. Al Saeed, A. T., Issa, S. H., 2010: Detection of Giardia lamblia antigen in stool specimens using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. East. Mediterr. Health J., 15, 4, 62–64. Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/117876.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
4. Almeida, A., Pozio, E., Caccio, S. M., 2010: Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis cysts by new real-time PCR assays for detection of mixed infections in human samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 76, 6, 1895–1901. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02305-09.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
5. Cacció, S. M., Lalle, M., Svärd, S. G., 2018: Host specificity in the Giardia duodenalis species complex. Infect. Gen. Evol., 66, 4, 335–345. DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.12.001.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
6. Cacciò, S. M., Ryan, U., 2008: Molecular epidemiology of giardiasis. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 160, 2, 75–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.04.006.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
7. Certad, G., Viscogliosi, E., Chabé, M., Cacció, S. M., 2017: Pathogenic mechanisms of Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Trends Parasitol., 33, 7, 561–576. DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.02.006.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
8. Cirak, V. Y., Bauer, Ch., 2004: Comparison of conventional coproscopical methods and commercial coproantigen ELISA kits for the detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in dogs and cats. Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr., 117, 9, 410–413.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
9. Deplazes, P., Eckert, J., Mathis, A., Samson-Himmelstjerna, G., Zahner, H., 2016: Parasitology in veterinary medicine. Parasitology in Veterinary Medicine. Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 653 pp.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
10. Dixon, B. R., 2021: Giardia duodenalis in humans and animals–transmission and disease. Res. Vet. Sci., 135, 283–289. DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.034.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
11. Dubná, S., Langrová, L., Nápravník, J., Jankovská, I., Vajdlech, J., Pekár, S., Fechtner, J., 2007: The prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs from Prague, rural areas, and shelters of the Czech Republic. Vet. Parasitol., 145, 120–128. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.11.006.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
12. Escobedo, A. A., Lalle, M., Hrastnik, N. I., Rodríguez-Morales, J. A., Castro-Sanchéz, E., Cimerman, S., et. al., 2016: Combination therapy in the management of giardiasis: What laboratory and clinical studies tell us, so far. Acta Trop., 162, 196–205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.06.026.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
13. Feng, Y., Xiao, L., 2011: Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis. Clin. Micro-biol. Rev., 24, 1, 110–140. DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00033-10.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
14. Hernandéz, P. C., Pava, L. M., Chaparro-Olaya, J., López-Osorio, S., López-Arias, A., Chaparro-Gutiérez, J. J., 2021: Multilocus genotyping of Giardia intestinalis in pet dogs of Medellín Colombia. Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Study Rep.., 23, 3, 100520. DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100520.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
15. Homan, W. L., Mank, T. G., 2001: Human giardiosis: geno-type linked differences in clinical symptomatology. Int. J. Parasitol., 31, 8, 822–826. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00183-7.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
16. Huber, F., Bomfin, T. C. B., Gomes, R. S., 2005: Comparison between natural infection by Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia sp. in dogs in two living situations in the West Zone of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Vet. Parasitol., 130, 1, 69–72. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.03.012.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
17. Chiebao, D. P., Martins, C. M., Pena, H. F., Lima Gabriel, F. H., Turraza, J., Soares, H., Merlo, A., 2020: Epidemiological study of Giardia duodenalis infection in companion dogs from the metropolitan area of São Paulo Brazil. Zoonoses and Public Health, 67, 7, 765–773. DOI: 10.1111/zph.12710.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
18. Lee, M. F., Auer, H., Lindo, J. F., Walochnik, J., 2017: Multilocus sequence analysis of Giardia spp. isolated from patients with diarrhoea in Austria. Parasitol. Res., 116, 2, 477–481. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5306-9.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
19. Mircean V., Györke, A., Cozma, V., 2012: Prevalence and risk factors of Giardia duodenalis in dogs from Romania. Vet. Parasitol., 184, 2–4, 325–329. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.08.022.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
20. Morf, L., Spycher, C., Rehrauer, H., Fournier, C. A., Morrison, H. G., Hehl, A. B., 2010: The transcriptional response to encystation stimuli in Giardia lamblia is restricted to a small set of genes. Eukaryot. Cell., 9, 10, 1566–1576. DOI: 10.1128/ec.00100-10.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
21. Mravcová, K., Ferko, M., Štrkolcová, G., Goldová, M., 2017: Opportunistic protozoan infections of carnivores. Folia Vet., 61, 4, 40–43. DOI: 10.1515/fv-2017-0037.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
22. Paintner, J. E., Gargano, J. W., Colier, S. A., Yoder, J. S., 2015: Giardiosis surveillance – United States, 2011–2012. MMWR Surveill. Summ., 64, 3, 15–25. Available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/24806288.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
23. Piekara - Stepińska, A., Piekarska, J., Gorczykowski, M., Banja, J., 2020: Genotypes of Giardia duodenalis in household dogs and cats from Poland. Acta Parasitol., 1–8. DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00292-1.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
24. Piekarska, J., Bajzert, J., Gorczykowski, M., Kantyka, M., Podkowik, M., 2016: Molecular identification of Giardia duodenalis isolates from domestic dogs and cats in Wroclaw, Poland. Ann. Agric. Enviromen. Med., 23, 3, 410–415. DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1219178.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
25. Puebla, L. J., Núňez, F. A., García, A. B., Rivero, L. R., Milán, I. A., Prado, R. C., 2017: Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis among children from a central region of Cuba: Molecular characterization and associated risk factors. J. Parasitic Dis., 41, 405–413. DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0816-z.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
26. Rehbein, S., Klotz, Ch., Ignatius, R., Müller, E., Aebischer, A., Kohn, B., 2019: Giardia duodenalis in small animals and their owners in Germany: A pilot study. Zoonoses and Public Health, 66, 1, 117–124. DOI: 10.1111/zph.12541.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
27. Rimhanen-Finne, R., Enemark, H. L., Kolehmainen, J., Toropainen, M. L., Hänninen, M. L., 2007: Evaluation of immunofluorescence microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in asymptomatic dogs. Vet. Parasitol., 145 3–4, 345–348. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.01.008.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
28. Ryan, U., Hijjawi, N., Feng, Y., Xiao, L., 2019: Giardia: an under-reported foodborne parasite. Int. J. Parasitol., 49,1, 1–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.07.003.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
29. Salant, H., Kuzi, Sh., Navarro, D., Baneth, G., 2020: Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in dogs in Israel. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2020, 73, 101–548. DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101548.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
30. Santin, M., 2020: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in ruminants. Vet. Clin. N. Am. – Food Anim. Pract., 36, 1, 223–238. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.11.005.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
31. Scorza, V., 2013: Giardiasis. Clinician´s Brief, 1–86.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
32. Schuurman, T., Lankamp, P., Belkum, A., Kooistra-Smid, M., Zwet, A., 2007: Comparison of microscopy, real-time PCR and a rapid immunoassay for the detection of Giardia lamblia in human stool specimens. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 13, 12, 1186–1191. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01836.x
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
33. Siwila, J., 2017: Giardiasis: Livestock and companion animals. Current Topics in Giardiasis, 39–49. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70874. ISBN 978-953-51-3654-5.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
34. Sommer, M. F., Beck, R., Ionita, M., Stefanovska, J., Vasić, A., Zdravković, N., et. al., 2015: Multilocus sequence typing of canine Giardia duodenalis from South Eastern European countries. Parasitol. Res., 114, 6, 2165–2174, DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4405-3.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
35. Sommer, M. F., Rupp., P., Pietsch, M., Kaspar, A., Beelitz, P., 2018: Giardia in a selected population of dogs and cats in Germany–diagnostics, coinfections and assemblages. Vet. Parasitol., 249, 49–56.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
36. Sulaiman, I. M., Fayer, R., Bern, C., Gilman, R. H., Trout, J. M., Schantz, P. M., et.al., 2003: Triosephosphate isomerase gene characterization and potential zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 9, 11, 1444. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.11.006
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
37. Svobodová, V., Svoboda, M., Vernerová, E., 2013: Clinical Parasitology of Dogs and Cats. 2nd edn, Miroslav Sloboda – B-V-M, 256 pp.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
38. Tangtronsgsup, S., Scorza, V., 2010: Update on the diagnosis and management of Giardia spp. infections in dogs and cats. Top. Comp. Anim. Med., 25, 3, 155–162. DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2010.07.003.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
39. Thompson, R. C. A., 2011: Giardia infections. Palmer, S. L., et al. (Eds.): Oxford Textbook of Zoonoses, Biology, Clinical Practice, and Public Health Control. 2nd edn., Oxford University Press, 522–535.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
40. Uiterjwick, M., Nijsse, R., Kooyman, F. N. J., Wagenaar, J. A., 2018: Comparing four diagnostic tests for Giardia duodenalis in dogs using latent capclass analysis. Parasit. Vect., 11, 1, 1–8. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3014-2.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
41. Velická, Z., Tóthová, L., Mogoňová, E., 2007: Monitoring the occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia and Clostridium perfringens in selected reservoirs and group water supply in Slovakia. Acta. Envir. Uni. Comenianae, 15, 1, 90–99.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
42. Xiao, L., Feng, Y., 2017: Molecular epidemiologic tools for waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. Food and Waterborne Parasitol., 8–9, 14–32. DOI: 10.1016/J.fawpar.2017.09.002.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Comparison of the Efficiency of Diagnostic Tests Used to Prove Giardiasis in Terms of their Practicality and Use in the Veterinary Clinical Practice

Abstract

Paradigm

My account