References
- 1. Absinta, M., Ha, S. K., Nair, G., Sati, P., Luciano, N. J., Palisoc, M., et al., 2017: Human and nonhuman primate meninges harbor lymphatic vessels that can be visualized noninvasively by MRI. eLife, 6., e29738.
- 2. Adamczyk, L. A., Gordon, K., Kholová, I., Meijer-Lorna, L. B., Telinius, N., Gallager, P. J., et al., 2016: Lymph vessels: the forgotten second circulation in health in disease. Virchows Arch., 469, 1, 3—17. DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-1945-6.
- 3. Al-Kofahi, M., Yun Winny, J., Minagar, A., Alexander, S., 2017: Anatomy and roles of lymphatics in inflammatory diseases. Clin. Exper. Neuroimmunol., 8, 199—214.
- 4. Aspelund, A., Antila, S., Proulx, S. T., Karlsen, T. V., Karaman, S., Detmar, M., et al., 2015: A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules. J. Exp. Med., 212, 7, 991—999. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20142290.
- 5. Bear, M. F., Connors, B. W., Paradiso, M. A., 2001: Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. Baltimore, MD, Lippincott Williams and Wikins, 975 pp.
- 6. Elsir, T., Eriksson, A., Orrego, A., Lindström, M. S., Nistér, M., 2010: Expression of PROX1 is a common feature of High-Grade malignant astrocytic gliomas. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 69, 2, 129—138.
- 7. Elsir, T., Smits, A., Lindström, M. S., Nistér, M., 2012: Transcription factor PROX1: its role in development and cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev., DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9390.
- 8. Farmanfarma Kalan, K. H., Mohammadian, M, Shahabinia, Z., Hassanipour, S., Salehiniya, H., 2019: Brain cancer in the world: An epidemiological review. World Cancer Res. J., 6, e1356. DOI: 10.32113/wcrj_20197_1356.
- 9. Foubert, P., Varner, J. A., 2012: Integrins in tumour angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Methods Mol. Biol., 757, 471—486. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-166-6_27.
- 10. Gale, N. W., Yancopoulos, N. D., 1999: Growth factors acting via endothelial cell-specific receptor tyrosin kinases: VEGFs, Angiopoietins and ephrins in vascular development. Genes. Dev., 13, 1055—1066. DOI: 10.1101/gad.13.9.1055.
- 11. Gould, J., 2018: Breaking down brain cancer. Nature, 561, 40.
- 12. Hong, Y. K., Harvey, N., Noh, Y. H., Schacht, V., Hirakawa, S., Detmar, M., et al., 2002: Prox-1 is a master control gene in the program specifying lymphatic endothelial cell fate. Dev. Dyn., 225, 351—357. DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10163.
- 13. Hu, X., Deng, Q., Ma, L., Li, Q., Chen, Y., Liao, Y., et al., 2020: Meningeal lymphatic vessels regulate brain tumour drainage and immunity. Cell Res., 30, 229—243. DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0287-8.
- 14. Christiansen, A., Detmar, M., 2011: Lymphangiogenesis and cancer. Genes Cancer, 2, 12, 1146—1148. DOI: 10.1177/1947601911423028.
- 15. Irschick, R., Siemon, C., Brenner, E., 2019: The history of anatomical research of lymphatics—from the ancient times to the end of the European renaissance. Ann. Anat., 223, 49—69. DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.01.010.
- 16. Karpanen, T., Egeblad, M., Karkkainen, M. J., Kubo, H., Ylä-Herttuala, S., Jäättelä, M., et al., 2001: Vascular endothelial growth factor C promotes tumour lymphangiogenesis and intralymphatic tumour growth. Cancer Res., 61, 5, 1786—1790.
- 17. Kong, L. L., Yang, N. Z., Shi, L. H., Zhao, G. H., Zhou, W., Ding, Q., et al., 2017: The optimum marker for the detection of lymphatic vessels. Mol. Clin. Res., 7, 515—520. DOI: 10. 3892/mco.2017.1356.
- 18. Larjavaara, S., Mäntylä, R., Salminen, T., Haapasalo, H., Raitanen, J., Jääskeläinen, J., et al., 2007: Incidence of gliomas by anatomic location. Neuro-Oncology, 9, 3, 319—325. DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2007-016.
- 19. Lavado, A., Oliver, G., 2007: Prox-1 expression patterns in the developing and adult murine brain. Dev. Dyn., 236, 518— 524. DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21024.
- 20. Louveau, A., Herz, J., Nordheim Alme, M., Salvador, A. F., Dong, M. Q., Viar, K. E., et al., 2018: CNS lymphatic drainage and neuroinflammation are regulated by meningeal lymphatic vasculature. Nat. Neurosci., 21, 10, 1380—1391. DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0227-9.
- 21. Maloveská, M., Danko, J., Petrovová, E., Krešáková, L., Vdoviaková, K., Michalicová, A., et al., 2018: Dynamics of Evans blue clearance from cerebrospinal fluid into meningeal lymphatic vessels and deep cervical lymph nodes. Neurol. Res., 40, 5, 372—380. DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1446282.
- 22. Meng, F. W., Liu, F. S., Liu, W. H., Li, L., Jie, L. L., 2020: Formation of new lymphatic vessels in glioma: An immunohistochemical analysis. Neuropathol., 40, 215—223. DOI: 10.1111/neup.12625.
- 23. Mesquita Da, S., Fu, Z., Kipnis, J., 2018: The meningeal lymphatic system: A new player in neurophysiology. Neuron, 100, 375—388. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.022.
- 24. Mezey, É., Szalayova, I., Hogden, Ch., Brady, A., Dósa, Á., Sótonyi, P., et al., 2021: An immunohistochemical study of lymphatic elements. PNAS, 118, 3, 1—12. DOI: 10.1073/pnas. 2002574118/.
- 25. Natale, G., Bocci, G., Ribatti, D., 2017: Scholars and scientists in the history of the lymphatic system. J. Anat., 231, 3, 417—429. DOI: 10.1111/joa.12644.
- 26. Oliver, G., Sosa-Pineda, B., Geisendorf, S., Spana, E. P., Doe, Ch. Q., Gruss, P., 1993: Prox1, a prospero-related homeobox gene expressed during mouse development. Mech. Dev., 44, 1, 3—16. DOI: 10.1016/0925-4773(93)90012-M.
- 27. Olszewski, W., 2003: The lymphatic systen in body homeostasis: Physiological conditions. Lymphat. Res. Biol., 1, 1, 11—21. DOI: 10.1089/15396850360495655.
- 28. Paduch, R., 2016: The role of lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in tumour metastasis. Cell Oncol., 39, 5, 397—410. DOI: 10.1007/s13402-016-0281-9.
- 29. Ray, L. A., Heys, J. J., 2019: Fluid flow and mass transport in brain tissue. Fluids, 4, 4, 1—30. DOI: 10.3390/fluids4040196.
- 30. Roodakker, K. R., Elsir, T., Edqvist, P. H. D., Hägerstrand, D., Carlson, J., Lysiak, M., et al., 2016: PROX-1 is a novel pathway-specific prognostic biomarker for high-grade astrocytomas results from independent glioblastoma cohorts stratified by age and IDH mutation status. Oncotarget, 7, 45, 72431—72442. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11957.
- 31. Rudzinska, M., Ledwon, J. K., Gawel, D., Sikorska, J., Czarnocka, B., 2017: The role of prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1) expression in follicular thyroid carcinoma cells. Oncotarget, 8, 69, 114136—114155. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget. 23167.
- 32. Skobe, M., Hamberg, L. M., Hawighorst, T., Schirner, M., Wolf, G. L., Alitalo, K., et al., 2001: Concurrent induction of lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis, and macrophage recruitment by vascular endothelial growth factor-C in melanoma. Am. J. Pathol., 159, 3, 893—903. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)61765-8.
- 33. Sun, B. L., Wang, L. H., Yang, T., Sun, J. Y., Mao, L. L., Yang, M. F., et al., 2017: Lymphatic drainage system of the brain: A novel target for intervention of neurological diseases. Prog. Neurobiol., 163–164, 118—143. DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio. 2017.08.007.
- 34. Suy, R., Thomis, S., Fourneau, I., 2016: The discovery of lymphatic system in the seventeenth century. Part I: The early history. Acta Chirurg. Belg., 116, 4, 260—266. DOI: 10.1080/000 15458.2016.1176792.
- 35. Tamura, R., Yoshida, K., Toda, M., 2019: Current understanding of lymphatic vessels in the central nervous system. Neurosurg. Rev., 43, 4, 1055—1064. DOI: 10.1007/s10143-019-01133-0.
- 36. Tomarev, S. I, Zinovieva, R. D., Chang, B., Hawes, N. L., 1998: Characterization of the mouse Prox-1 gene. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 248, 3, 684—689. DOI: 10.1006/bbrc. 1998.8989.
- 37. Veikkola, T., Jussila, L., Makinen, T., Karpanen, T., Jeltsch, M., Petrova, T. V., et al., 2001: Signalling via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 is sufficient for lymphangiogenesis in transgenic mice. EMBO J., 20, 6, 1223—1231. DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.6.1223.
- 38. Witte, M. H., Jones, K., Wilting, J., Dictor, M., Selg, M., McHale, N., et al., 2006: Structure function relationships in the lymphatic system and implications for cancer biology. Cancer Metastasis Rev., 25, 2, 159—184. DOI: 10.1007/s10 555-006-8496-2.
- 39. Xu, X., Wan, X., Wei, X., 2017: PROX-1 promotes human glioblastoma cell proliferation and invasion via activation of the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. Mol. Med. Rep., 15, 963—968. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6075.
- 40. Zinovieva, R. D., Duncan, M. K., Johnson, T. R., Torres, R., Polymeropoulos, M. H., Tomarev, S. I., 1996: Structure and chromosomal localization of the human homeobox gene Prox-1. Genomics, 35, 517—522.