Occurrence of Malassezia Spp. on Healthy Human Skin

Malinovská, Z.; Čonková, E.; Váczi, P.; Harčárová, M.; Böhmová, E.

doi:10.2478/fv-2019-0038

Abstract

The genus Malassezia currently includes seventeen species that have been isolated from healthy and diseased human and other animal skin. Malassezia are implicated in a range of cutaneous diseases in humans: pityriasis versicolor, atopic or seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, folliculitis and psoriasis. The outbreak of the disease depends on the interaction between the host immune system and Malassezia species. Malassezia stimulates both the cellular and humoral immune response in humans. Although Malassezia species have been associated with various dermatological diseases in people, the detailed pathological role of Malassezia remains obscured. Malassezia yeasts require lipids for their growth and therefore to a greater extent they colonize the sites with more sebaceous glands. The ecosystem on skin is complex and its balance depends on several factors. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Malassezia yeasts in clinically normal skin of 42 healthy, randomly selected individuals of different ages. In the group of people examined, up to 30 persons (71.4 %) represented by children, adults and the elderly were positive to Malassezia yeasts. It has been shown that the back is an area with a higher incidence (66.7 %) of observed yeast compared to the head (40.5 %).

References

1. Ayhan, M., Sancak, B., Karaduman, A., Arikan, S., Sahin S., 2007: Colonization of neonate skin by Malassezia species: relationship with neonatal cephalic pustulosis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 57, 6, 1012—1018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.02.030.10.1016/j.jaad.2007.02.03017889963
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
2. Bukvić Mokos, Z., Kralj, M., Basta-Juzbašić, A., Lakoš Jukić, I., 2012: Seborrheic dermatitis: an update. Acta Dermatovenerol. Croat., 20, 2, 90—104.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
3. Cabañes, F. J., Coutinho, S. D., Puig, L., Bragulat, M. R., Castellá, G., 2016: New lipid-dependent Malassezia species from parrots. Rev. Iberoam. Micol., 33, 2, 92—99. DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2016.03.003.10.1016/j.riam.2016.03.00327184440
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
4. Cabañes, F. J., Vega, S., Castellá, G., 2011:Malassezia cuniculi sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from rabbit skin. Med. Mycol., 49, 1, 40—48. DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.493562.10.3109/13693786.2010.49356220560865
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
5. Crespo Erchiga, V., Ojeda Martos, A. A., Vera Casaño, A., Crespo Erchiga, A., Sánchez Fajardo, F., 1999: Isolation and identification of Malassezia spp. in pytiriasis versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis and healthy skin. Rev. Iberoam. Micol., 16, 16—21.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
6. Crespo, M. J., Abarca, M. L., Cabañes, F. J., 2002: Occurrence of Malassezia spp. in the external ear canals of dogs and cats with and without otitis externa. Med. Mycol., 40, 2, 115—121. DOI: 10.1080/mmy.40.2.115.121.10.1080/mmy.40.2.115.12112058723
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
7. David Boothe, W., Tarbox, J. A., Tarbox, M. B., 2017: Atopic dermatitis: Pathophysiology. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1027, 21—37. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64804-0_3.10.1007/978-3-319-64804-0_329063428
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
8. Gaitanis, G., Magiatis, P., Hantschke, M., Bassukas, I. D., Velegraki, A., 2012: The Malassezia genus in skin and systemic diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 25, 1, 106—141. DOI: 10. 1128/CMR.00021-11.10.1128/CMR.00021-11325596222232373
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
9. Guého, E., Boekhout, T., Ashbee, H. R., Guillot, J., Van Belkum, A., Faergemann, J., 1998: The role of Malassezia species in the ecology of human skin and as pathogens. Med. Mycol., 36, 1, 220—229.10.1080/0268121988000058110206745
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
10. Gupta, A. K., Foley, K. A., 2015: Antifungal treatment for pityriasis versicolor. J. Fungi (Basel)., 1,1, 13—29. DOI: 10. 3390/jof1010013.10.3390/jof1010013577001329376896
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
11. Kaneko, J., Makimura, K., Abe, I., Shiota, R., Nakamura, Y., Kano, R., et al., 2007: Revised culture-based system for identification of Malassezia species. J. Clin. Microbiol., 45, 11, 3737—3742. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01243-07.10.1128/JCM.01243-07216852217881545
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
12. Lee, Y. W., Yim, S. M., Lim, S. H., Choe, Y. B., Ahn, K. J., 2006: Quantitative investigation on the distribution of Malassezia species on healthy human skin in Korea. Mycoses, 49, 5, 405—410. DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01239.x.10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01239.x16922793
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
13. Leeming, J. P., Notman, F. H., Holland, K. T., 1989: The distribution and ecology of Malassezia furfur and cutaneous bacteria on human skin. J. Appl. Bacteriol., 67, 1, 47—52.10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb04953.x2777725
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
14. Lorch, J. M., Palmer, J. M., Vanderwolf, K. J., Schmidt, K. Z., Verant, M. L, Weller, T. J, Blehert, D. S., 2018:Malassezia vespertilionis sp. nov.: a new cold-tolerant species of yeast isolated from bats. Persoonia, 41, 56—70. DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2018.41.04.10.3767/persoonia.2018.41.04634481630728599
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
15. Marcon, M. J., Powell, D. A, 1992: Human infections due to Malassezia spp.. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 5, 2, 101—119. DOI: 10.1128/cmr.5.2.101.10.1128/cmr.5.2.1013582301576583
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
16. Meray, Y., Gençalp, D., Güran, M., 2018: Putting it all together to understand the role of Malassezia spp. in dandruff etiology. Mycopathologia, 183, 6, 893—903. DOI: 10.1007/s11046-018-0283-4.10.1007/s11046-018-0283-429946996
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
17. Nagata, R., Nagano, H., Ogishima, D., Nakamura, Y., Hiruma, M., Sugita, T., 2012: Transmission of the major skin microbiota, Malassezia, from mother to neonate. Pediatr. Int., 54, 3, 350—355. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2012.03563.x.10.1111/j.1442-200X.2012.03563.x22300401
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
18. Nakabayashi, A., Sei, Y., Guillot, J., 2000: Identification of Malassezia species isolated from patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor and normal subjects. Med. Mycol., 38, 5, 337—341.10.1080/714030958
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
19. Prohic, A., Kasumagic-Halilovic, E., 2009: Identification of Malassezia pachydermatis from healthy and diseased human skin. Med. Arh., 63, 6, 317—319.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
20. Prohic, A., Jovovic Sadikovic, T., Krupalija-Fazlic, M., Kuskunovic-Vlahovljak, S., 2016:Malassezia species in healthy skin and in dermatological conditions. Int. J. Dermatol., 55, 5, 494—504. DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13116.10.1111/ijd.1311626710919
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
21. Song, H. S., Kim, S. K., Kim, Y. C., 2014: Comparison between folliculitis and non-Malassezia folliculitis. Ann. Dermatol., 26, 5, 598−602. DOI: 10.5021/ad.2014.26.5.598.10.5021/ad.2014.26.5.598419858725324652
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
22. Stehlikova, Z., Kostovcik, M., Kostovcikova, K., Kverka, M., Juzlova, K., Rob, F., et al., 2019: Dysbiosis of skin microbiota in psoriatic patients: Co-occurrence of fungal and bacterial communities. Front. Microbiol., 21, 10, 438. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00438.10.3389/fmicb.2019.00438643711030949136
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
23. Sugita, T., Suto, H., Unno, T., Tsuboi, R., Ogawa, H., Shinoda, T., Nishikawa, A., 2001: Molecular analysis of Malassezia microflora on the skin of atopic dermatitis patients and healthy subjects. J. Clin. Microbiol., 39, 10, 3486–3490.10.1128/JCM.39.10.3486-3490.20018837611574560
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
24. Sugita, T., Suzuki, M., Goto, S., Nishikawa, A., Hiruma, M., Yamazaki, T., Makimura, K., 2010: Quantitative analysis of the cutaneous Malassezia microbiota in 770 healthy Japanese by age and gender using a real-time PCR assay. Med. Mycol., 48, 2, 229−233. DOI: 10.1080/13693780902977976.10.1080/1369378090297797619462267
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
25. Tarazooie, B., Kordbacheh, P., Zaini, F., Zomorodian, K., Saadat, F., Zeraati, H., Hallaji, Z., Rezaie, S., 2004: Study of the distribution of Malassezia species in patients with pityriasis versicolor and healthy individuals in Tehran, Iran. BMC Dermatol., 4, 5. DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-4-5.10.1186/1471-5945-4-542173215119958
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
26. Velegraki, A., Cafarchia, C., Gaitanis, G., Iatta, R., Boekhout, T., 2015:Malassezia infections in humans and animals: pathophysiology, detection, and treatment. PLoS Pathog., 11, 1. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004523.10.1371/journal.ppat.1004523428756425569140
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Occurrence of Malassezia Spp. on Healthy Human Skin

Abstract

Paradigm

My account