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Effect of Incubation Time of Activated Vermiculite on the Biodegradation of Microcrystalline Cellulose Cover

Effect of Incubation Time of Activated Vermiculite on the Biodegradation of Microcrystalline Cellulose

Open Access
|Jul 2025

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Aerobic Biodegradation System FlowchartSource: Author's drawing
Aerobic Biodegradation System FlowchartSource: Author's drawing

Fig. 2.

Experimental System DiagramSource: Author's photo
Experimental System DiagramSource: Author's photo

Fig. 3.

Percentage Biodegradation-Time Curve of Microcrystalline Cellulose with the First Type of Activated Vermiculite Pre-incubated for 1 Day to 4 Days (1st Experiment)Source: Author's drawing
Percentage Biodegradation-Time Curve of Microcrystalline Cellulose with the First Type of Activated Vermiculite Pre-incubated for 1 Day to 4 Days (1st Experiment)Source: Author's drawing

Fig. 4.

Percentage Biodegradation-Time Curve of Microcrystalline Cellulose with the Second Type of Activated Vermiculite Pre-incubated for 1 to 4 Days (2nd Experiment)Source: Author's drawing
Percentage Biodegradation-Time Curve of Microcrystalline Cellulose with the Second Type of Activated Vermiculite Pre-incubated for 1 to 4 Days (2nd Experiment)Source: Author's drawing

Fig. 5.

Percentage Biodegradation-Time Curve of Microcrystalline Cellulose with the Third Type of Activated Vermiculite Pre-incubated for 1 to 4 Days (3rd Experiment)Source: Author's drawing
Percentage Biodegradation-Time Curve of Microcrystalline Cellulose with the Third Type of Activated Vermiculite Pre-incubated for 1 to 4 Days (3rd Experiment)Source: Author's drawing

CO2 Production in Blank Group for 10 Days, mg/g Volatile Solids (Average)

Types of InoculumIncubation Time of Activated Vermiculite
1d2d3d4d
1st574.08455.14392.64354.90
2nd515.61414.52402.13388.54
3rd673.61384.11357.82349.62
Avg587.77417.92384.20364.35

Experimental Instrument Information

Instrument NameModelManufacturer
Total Organic Carbon Analyzerenviro TOCElementar Trading Co., Ltd (Shanghai)
Intelligent Muffle FurnaceMFLC-16/12PTianjin Test Instrument Co., Ltd.
Handheld Gas DetectorAPES-Z2-FShenzhen Ampel Technology Co., Ltd.

Experimental Reagent Information

ComponentBatch NumberManufacturer
Tryptic Soy Broth1114012Beijing Land Bridge Technology Co., Ltd.
CO(NH2)22203302Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd.
Corn StarchC13665033Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd.
Cellulose20220105Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
KH2PO420210901Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd.
MgSO4B2112221Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd.
CaCl220220103Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory
NaClB2202282Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd.
H3BO320220311Tianjin Yongda Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
KIC13184641Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd.
FeCl320230103Fortune (Tianjin) Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
MnSO420220115Tianjin Yongda Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
(NH4)6Mo7O242203052Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd.
FeSO4B2202181Xilong Scientific Co., Ltd.

Inoculum Physicochemical Properties

Types of InoculumParameterIncubation Time of Activated Vermiculite
0d1d2d3d4d
1stVolatile Solids Content, %16.5113.5712.1110.009.52
Total Organic Carbon Content, %5.334.913.902.871.00
2ndVolatile Solids Content, %15.7910.718.809.318.95
Total Organic Carbon Content, %5.264.113.012.611.64
3rdVolatile Solids Content, %18.7012.3410.0010.478.65
Total Organic Carbon Content, %5.253.893.532.661.96

Summary of Percentage Biodegradation Results of Microcrystalline Cellulose over 15 Days

Biodegradation Experiment RepeatsPercentage Biodegradation of Microcrystalline Cellulose on the 15th Day, %
Pre-incubation 1dPre-incubation 2dPre-incubation 3dPre-incubation 4d
1st64.921.514.215.5
2nd27.941.940.438.7
3rd29.136.950.229.6
Avg40.633.434.927.9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ftee-2025-0006 | Journal eISSN: 2300-7354 | Journal ISSN: 1230-3666
Language: English
Page range: 58 - 65
Published on: Jul 2, 2025
Published by: Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: Volume open

© 2025 Shijia Wang, Hongying Deng, Wanhan Sun, Yaoquan Xu, Yanan Zhang, Chen Yang, published by Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.