Fig. 1.
![Growth stages of winter wheat seedlings [own work]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/68381bc6f788d76dad450587/j_ftee-2025-0004_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251114%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251114T232343Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=b4ec4676c4085bda9559bf118ddf0711c47c88c0bef3795c6e52bbf753392981&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Composition and main characteristics of the biostimulants studied
| Parameter | Unit | Biostimulant preparation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4a | 8 | ||
| Protein hydrolysate (PH) | - | collagen | collagen | collagen, keratin |
| Concentrate of pH | % | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Active substance (AS) | - | sodium salicylate | titanium ascorbate | sodium salicylate |
| Concentrate of AS | % | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| Total N | % | 1.30 | 1.00 | 1.10 |
| pH | - | 7.13 | 7.61 | 7.04 |
| Density | g cm−1 | 1.004±0.002 | 1.001±0.003 | 1.004±0.004 |
| Colour | - | colourless | light yellow/yellow | light yellow |
Effect of foliar treatments on the composition in the soil_
| Parameter | Unit | Code of Sample | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 1 | 4a | 8 | ||
| Salinity | g KCl/kg | 2.46a | 2.23a | 1.91b | 1.92b |
| P | mg/100 g soil | 11.5a | 11.8a | 13.3a | 12a |
| K | mg/100 g soil | 24.7a | 22.5a | 23.1a | 21.3b |
| Mg | mg/100 g soil | 19.4a | 18.3a | 18.7a | 19.4a |
| B | mg/kg | 2.52a | 2.45a | 5.93b | 5.69b |
| Cu | mg/kg | 1.95a | 2.34b | 3.92c | 2.57b |
| Fe | mg/kg | 272a | 276a | 343b | 350b |
| Mn | mg/kg | 4.42a | 4.41a | 5.92b | 4.22a |
| Zn | mg/kg | 3.47a | 3.7a | 5.04c | 4.08b |
| Na | mg/kg | 63.1a | 31.4c | 70b | 65.5a |
| Nog | % | 1.09a | 1.08a | 1.05a | 1.15a |
| Cog | % | 47.3a | 47.4a | 44.2a | 50.4a |
| s.org | % | 81.4a | 81.5a | 76.1a | 86.6a |
| s.m. | % | 81.9a | 82a | 81.4a | 87.1a |
Amino acid content in wheat seedlings [g/kg]
| Amino acid | Control | MU | 1 | MU | 4a | MU | 8 | MU |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asp | 4.98 | 0.59 | 5.63 | 0.67 | 4.95 | 0.59 | 5.15 | 0.61 |
| Thr | 1.69 | 0.22 | 1.74 | 0.22 | 1.74 | 0.22 | 1.83 | 0.23 |
| Ser | 1.55 | 0.21 | 1.59 | 0.22 | 1.54 | 0.21 | 1.62 | 0.22 |
| Glu | 3.61 | 0.48 | 3.72 | 0.49 | 3.53 | 0.47 | 3.84 | 0.51 |
| Pro | 1.93 | 0.28 | 1.84 | 0.27 | 1.78 | 0.26 | 2.09 | 0.31 |
| Gly | 1.91 | 0.22 | 1.15 | 0.13 | 1.94 | 0.22 | 2.00 | 0.23 |
| Ala | 2.37 | 0.28 | 2.48 | 0.30 | 2.39 | 0.28 | 2.51 | 0.30 |
| Val | 2.12 | 0.24 | 2.27 | 0.26 | 2.18 | 0.25 | 2.26 | 0.26 |
| Ile | 1.54 | 0.19 | 1.63 | 0.20 | 1.56 | 0.19 | 1.62 | 0.20 |
| Leu | 2.86 | 0.33 | 3.01 | 0.34 | 2.85 | 0.32 | 3.01 | 0.34 |
| Tyr | 0.87 | 0.13 | 0.86 | 0.13 | 0.83 | 0.13 | 0.99 | 0.15 |
| Phe | 2.91 | 0.38 | 3.01 | 0.39 | 2.84 | 0.37 | 2.96 | 0.38 |
| His | 0.92 | 0.12 | 0.97 | 0.13 | 0.87 | 0.11 | 0.91 | 0.12 |
| Lys | 3.15 | 0.38 | 3.32 | 0.40 | 3.12 | 0.38 | 3.24 | 0.40 |
| Arg | 2.13 | 0.31 | 2.45 | 0.36 | 2.21 | 0.32 | 2.23 | 0.32 |
| Cys | 0.44 | 0.05 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.48 | 0.06 |
| Met | 0.66 | 0.08 | 0.66 | 0.08 | 0.63 | 0.07 | 0.73 | 0.09 |
Effect of foliar treatments on the mineral content in leaves of winter wheat_
| Parameter | Unit | Code of Sample | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 1 | 4a | 8 | ||
| N | % | 6.85±0.75a | 6.76±0.74a | 6.81±0.75a | 6.82±0.75a |
| P | % | 1.27±0.33a | 1.20±0.31a | 1.18±0.31a | 1.18±0.31a |
| K | % | 7.46±1.69a | 7.19±1.63a | 7.43±1.69a | 7.25±1.65a |
| Mg | % | 0.28±0.08a | 0.28±0.08a | 0.28±0.08a | 0.29±0.08a |
| Ca | % | 0.68±0.16a | 0.68±0.16a | 0.65±0.15a | 0.68±0.16a |
| DM | % | 95.0±13.1a | 95.8±13.2a | 94.9±13.1a | 94.8±13.1a |
| B | mg/kg | 5.83±1.94a | 4.51±1.50a | 4.64±1.5a | 5.86±1.95a |
| Cu | mg/kg | 5.25±1.22a | 4.19±0.97a | 4.17±0.97a | 4.55±1.06a |
| Fe | mg/kg | 83.1±26.2a | 75.9±23.9b | 75.1±23.7b | 112.0±35.3c |
| Mn | mg/kg | 113.0±21.1a | 123±23a | 129.0±24.1b | 128.0±23.9b |
| Zn | mg/kg | 48.9±17.5a | 48.9±17.5a | 42.0±15.0b | 52.4±18.7a |
| Na | mg/kg | 105.0±32.3a | 90.7±27.9b | 92.1±28.4b | 110.0±33.9a |