Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 1.
Leather and float analyses after conventional dyeing process
| Process | Dyestuff float exhaustion (%) | Color strength on leather after dyeing (K/S) |
|---|---|---|
| Conventional dyeing process | 71.18 ± 3.28 | 12.36 ± 0.57 |
Conventional dyeing recipe
| Process | % | Substances | Temperature (°C) | Time (min.) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dyeing | 100 | Water | 40 | ||
| 2 | Dye auxiliary | 30 | |||
| 5 | Dyestuff | 60 | |||
| 1 | Formic acid | 40 | pH: 4.0 | ||
| Drain-Washing-Horsing-Mechanical operations | |||||
Results of leather dyeing with metal complex dyestuff and cotton dyeing carried out in a conventional and vacuum cabinet
| Process | Float exhaustion (%) | Color strength (K/S) |
|---|---|---|
| Conventional system (metal complex dye, leather) | 74.05 ± 4.47 | 14.81 ± 3.35 |
| Vacuum system (metal complex dye, leather) | 96.79 ± 2.24 | 15.23 ± 0.74 |
| Conventional system (hypericum dye, cotton) | 92.21 ± 1.93 | 6.91 ± 1.23 |
| Vacuum system (hypericum dye, cotton) | 98.76 ± 2.01 | 7.06 ± 1.19 |
Rubbing fastness values of dyed samples
| Process | Rub fastness |
|---|---|
| Conventional system (acid dye, leather) | 4/5 |
| Conventional system (metal complex dye, leather) | 4/5 |
| Conventional system (hypericum dye, cotton) | 4 |
| Vacuum system (acid dye) | 4/5 |
| Vacuum system (metal complex dye) | 4/5 |
| Vacuum system (hypericum dye, cotton) | 4 |
Composition and identification of cotton sample
| Yarn number in warp | Yarn number in weft | Fabric composition | Interlacing | |
| 68/1 | 68/1 | - | 100%c | 5/2 |
Leather and float analyses after dyeing processes carried out in a vacuum cabinet in dependence on water usage ratios
| Process | Float exhaustion (%) | Color strength on leather (K/S) |
|---|---|---|
| 80% water use | 92.15 ± 1.47 | 20.36 ± 1.61 |
| 50% water use | 91.45 ± 1.77 | 19.20 ± 1.13 |
| 25% water use | 90.32 ± 2.63 | 18.78 ± 2.05 |
| Free of water use (only dissolving water) | 86.56 ± 2.82 | 16.45 ± 1.16 |
Leather dyeing recipe under vacuum
| Process | % | Substances | Temp. (°C) | Time (min.) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dyeing | A | Water | 40 | A1-A4 | |
| 2 | Dye auxiliary | 30 | |||
| B | Dyestuff | C | B1-B4, C1-C3 | ||
| 1 | HCOOH | 40 | pH: 4.0 | ||
| Drain-Wash-Horsing-Mechanics | |||||
Leather and bath analyses after dyeing processes carried out in a vacuum cabinet in dependence on dyestuff usage ratios
| Process | Float exhaustion (%) | Color strength on leather (K/S) |
|---|---|---|
| 4% dyestuff | 94.02 ± 2.42 | 15.49 ± 1.90 |
| 3.5% dyestuff | 95.25 ± 2.91 | 12.41 ± 1.29 |
| 3% dyestuff | 93.35 ± 4.30 | 11.32 ± 1.37 |
| 2.5% dyestuff | 92.86 ± 3.19 | 9.45 ± 0.76 |
Leather and float analyses after dyeing processes carried out in a vacuum drum in dependence on the process time
| Process | Float exhaustion (%) | Color strength on leather (K/S) |
|---|---|---|
| 45 mins | 94.05 ± 2.87 | 15.18 ± 1.52 |
| 30 mins | 92.02 ± 1.96 | 12.38 ± 2.39 |
| 15 mins | 80.11 ± 3.69 | 10.77 ± 1.10 |