Fig. 1.
![Production cycle including recycled textile material [4]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6614f13b1ae47050093d08c2/j_ftee-2024-0019_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251205%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251205T052333Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=fe3fb74e037b9b6408cfd7eb2aec63dab456709aed2d4b96aed32ae5620cd2c9&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 2.
Percentage improvement results of life cycle analysis
| % improvement | Abiotic depletion | Abiotic depletion (fossil fuels) | Global warming | Ozone layer depletion | Human toxicity | Toxic effect on freshwater |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R | ||||||
| D1 | 9.75 | 7.28 | 7.16 | 4.82 | 8.09 | 10.76 |
| D2 | 12.33 | 8.90 | 8.97 | 6.18 | 10.21 | 13.89 |
| D3 | 14.36 | 10.17 | 10.38 | 7.24 | 11.87 | 16.35 |
| D4 | 16.75 | 11.67 | 12.06 | 8.50 | 13.84 | 19.25 |
| D5 | 18.96 | 13.05 | 13.60 | 9.66 | 15.65 | 21.93 |
Properties of yarns
| Samples | Warp Yarn | Weft Yarn |
|---|---|---|
| Reference (R) | Ne 6.5/1 Open End 30% Recycle / 70% Cotton | Ne 13/1 90% Cotton+7.5% Polyester+2.5% Elastane Modified Ring |
| D1 | Ne 13/1 50% Cotton+40% Recycle Cotton+7.5% Recycle Polyester+2.5% Elastane Modified Ring | |
| D2 | Ne 13/1 40% Cotton+50% Recycle Cotton+7.5% Recycle Polyester+2.5% Elastane Modified Ring | |
| D3 | Ne 13/1 30% Cotton+60% Recycle Cotton+7.5% Recycle Polyester+2.5% Elastane Modified Ring | |
| D4 | Ne 13/1 20% Cotton+70% Recycle Cotton+7.5% Recycle Polyester+2.5% Elastane Modified Ring | |
| D5 | Ne 13/1 10% Cotton+80% Recycle Cotton+7.5% Recycle Polyester+2.5% Elastane Modified Ring |
Physical properties of fabrics
| Sample Number | Unit weight (gr/m2) | Weft per inch | Warp per inch | Thickness (mm) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Std.dev. | Mean | Std.dev. | Mean | Std.dev. | Mean | Std.dev. | |
| R | 377 | 2 | 46 | 0 | 67 | 0.816497 | 0.754 | 0.005 |
| D1 | 385 | 1 | 46 | 0 | 74 | 1.632993 | 0.768 | 0.007 |
| D2 | 388 | 1,73 | 47 | 1.632993 | 69 | 0 | 0.764 | 0.005 |
| D3 | 378 | 3 | 46 | 0.816497 | 68 | 0 | 0.752 | 0.004 |
| D4 | 379 | 2,64 | 45 | 1.414214 | 65 | 0.816497 | 0.760 | 0.006 |
| D5 | 382 | 3,46 | 47 | 1.632993 | 71 | 0.816497 | 0.782 | 0.007 |
Selected thermal comfort properties of denim fabrics
| Sample number | Relative water vapor permeability (%) | Water vapor permeability (WVPR) | Thermal resistance (m2K/W) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Std.dev. | Mean | Std.dev. | Mean | Std.dev. | |
| R | 52.42 | 0.94 | 4.71 | 0.45 | 0.003839 | 0.000134 |
| D1 | 49.32 | 0.66 | 5.06 | 0.18 | 0.004068 | 0.000278 |
| D2 | 48.18 | 1.28 | 5.46 | 0.24 | 0.004384 | 0.000116 |
| D3 | 46.53 | 0.99 | 5.80 | 0.26 | 0.004553 | 0.001127 |
| D4 | 46.46 | 0.67 | 5.50 | 0.20 | 0.004900 | 0.000898 |
| D5 | 46.96 | 1.46 | 5.62 | 0.26 | 0.004944 | 0.000097 |
Tensile and tear strength results of denim fabrics
| Sample Number | Tensile strength (Kgf) (weft direction) | Tensile strength (Kgf) (warp direction) | Tear strength (gf) (weft direction) | Tear strength (gf) (warp direction) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Std.dev. | Mean | Std.dev. | Mean | Std.dev. | Mean | Std.dev. | |
| R | 46 | 2.44 | 92 | 2.54 | 4957 | 162.39 | 6300 | 148.76 |
| D1 | 43 | 3.39 | 90 | 2.54 | 4708 | 34.28 | 6083 | 135.79 |
| D2 | 41 | 2.73 | 88 | 2.12 | 4657 | 80.76 | 5914 | 68.84 |
| D3 | 39 | 2.64 | 88 | 2.34 | 4201 | 61.05 | 5817 | 123.93 |
| D4 | 38 | 2.91 | 85 | 5.19 | 3945 | 66.64 | 5776 | 134.53 |
| D5 | 36 | 3.39 | 87 | 4.74 | 3613 | 104.82 | 5903 | 120.89 |
Yarn properties
| Samples | %Um | % CVm | Index | H | sh | Breaking force (gF) | Breaking elongation (%) | Rkm (kgf×Nm) | B-work (gF cm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R | 8.58 | 10.86 | 1.87 | 6.28 | 1.35 | 1019.84 | 8.08 | 17.27 | 2083.26 |
| D1 | 6.75 | 8.52 | 1.49 | 6.86 | 1.63 | 814.68 | 11.98 | 16.56 | 2064.00 |
| D2 | 8.12 | 10.28 | 1.80 | 7.39 | 1.75 | 746.88 | 11.30 | 15.18 | 1292.89 |
| D3 | 8.79 | 11.19 | 1.95 | 7.52 | 1.91 | 745.33 | 11.68 | 15.15 | 1350.68 |
| D4 | 10.61 | 13.78 | 2.41 | 8.14 | 2.06 | 652.90 | 9.57 | 13.27 | 1903.17 |
| D5 | 10.84 | 13.56 | 2.37 | 8.58 | 2.22 | 646.03 | 9.06 | 13.13 | 1845.35 |
Tests applied to denim fabrics
| Test No | Test name | Test Standard |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Standard Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of Fabric | ASTM D3776: 2020 |
| 2 | Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Grab Test) | ASTM D5034: 2021 |
| 3 | Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus | ASTM D1424: 2021 |
| 4 | Standard Test Methods for Stretch Properties of Fabrics Woven from Stretch Yarns | ASTM D3107: 2019 |
| 5 | Textiles - Physiological effects - Measurement of Thermal and Water-Vapor Resistance under Steady-State Conditions (Sweating Guarded-Hotplate Test) | TS EN ISO 11092: 2014 |
| 6 | Textiles the Assessment of Drape of Fabrics. | TS 9693: 1991 |
Selected performance properties of denim fabrics
| Sample number | Elasticity (%) | Air permeability (mm/s) | Stiffness (Kgf) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Std.dev. | Mean | Std.dev. | Mean | Std.dev. | |
| R | 42 | 1.58 | 56.491 | 1.497 | 0.784 | 0.106 |
| D1 | 39 | 2.23 | 53.887 | 3.045 | 0.802 | 0.080 |
| D2 | 38 | 2.54 | 52.525 | 1.852 | 0.795 | 0.027 |
| D3 | 38 | 2.34 | 57.142 | 1.654 | 0.718 | 0.017 |
| D4 | 37 | 2.12 | 60.118 | 2.705 | 0.790 | 0.027 |
| D5 | 36 | 1.87 | 51.207 | 2.104 | 0.713 | 0.101 |