Table 1.
Survey of Elderly Individuals with Urinary Incontinence and Related Personnel
| Item | Course Content Operation |
|---|---|
| Survey Participants | Elderly individuals with urinary incontinence, elderly caregivers, nursing assistants, ward nurses, salespersons, etc. |
| Survey Methods | Online and offline questionnaires, interviews, observations, photography, audio recordings, etc. |
| Survey Locations | Nursing homes, hospitals, elderly activity centers, elderly expos, elderly supply stores, supermarkets, etc. |
Fig. 1.
Urinary Incontinence Underwear Technological Roadmap
Source: drawn by the author
Fig. 2.
Double layer funnel structure design
(source: drawn by the author and experimental results obtained by the author)
Fig. 3.
Functional design diagram of underwear
Source: drawn by the author
Fig. 4.
Sample of functional parts of underwear
Source: experimental results obtained by the author
Fig. 5.
Design of the two connection modes
Sources: drawn by the author and experimental results obtained by the author
Table 2.
Specifications of underwear fabric samples for the tests
| Fabrics | Composition ratio (%) cotton : elastic : polyamide | Organization structure | Mass per unit area (g/m2) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1# | 100 : 0 : 0 | Weft plain weave | 150 |
| 2# | 95 : 5 : 0 | Weft plain weave | 170 |
| 3# | 90 : 10 : 0 | Rib weave (R 2/2) | 180 |
| 4# | 80 : 11.5 : 8.5 | Weft plain weave | 200 |
Fig. 6.
Comparison of fabric before and after superhydrophobic finishing
Source: experimental results obtained by the author
Fig. 7.
Hydrophobicity and breathability test results
Source: experimental results obtained by the author
Fig. 8.
Urine wetness alarm design
Source: drawn by the author and experimental results obtained by the author
Fig. 9.
Style 1: male urinary incontinence underpants
Source: drawn by the author
Fig. 10.
Dressing effect of style 1
Source: experimental results obtained by the author
Fig. 11.
Style 2: male urinary incontinence underpants
Source: drawn by the author
Fig. 12.
Dressing effect of Style 2
Source: experimental results obtained by the author
Fig. 13.
Rendering of urinary incontinence underwear with alarm
Source: drawn by the author and experimental results obtained by the author
Fig. 14.
Dressing effect of urinary incontinence underwear with alarm
Source: experimental results obtained by the author
Table 3.
Subjective evaluation results
| Participant ID | q1 | q2 | q3 | q4 | q5 | q6 | q7 | q8 | q9 | q10 | q11 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Evaluation indicators | ||||||||||||
| Incontinence underpants | Comfort | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | - | - | - |
| convenience | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 5 | |
| Alarm-type underwear | Comfort | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | - | - | - |
| convenience | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 5 | |
Table 4.
Comfort evaluation experiment
| Number of washes | Contact angle (deg) | Rolling angle (deg) | Transpiration rate (mm/s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 161.4 | 9.75 | 454.6 |
| 2 | 162.1 | 9.66 | 456.1 |
| 4 | 161.1 | 9.75 | 455.5 |
| 6 | 161.1 | 9.68 | 454.0 |
| 8 | 160.8 | 9.83 | 460.6 |
| 10 | 158.6 | 10.00 | 462.2 |
Table 5.
Evaluation of convenience and economy
| Item | Urinary incontinence underpants | Diapers | Urinals | Seat urinals |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wearing and taking off frequency | 1 time/day | 6-8 times/day | 8-10 times/day | 6-8 times/day |
| Wearing time | 200 s | 180 s | 70 s | 320 s |
| Stripping time | 85 s | 48 s | 50 s | 120 s |
| Total time | 285 s | 1368s-1824s | 960s-1200s | 2640s-3520s |
| Price | ¥25 | ¥1.8-2.5 | ¥5-15 | ¥40-50 |
| Daily average price | ¥12.6-20 | |||
| 10 day average price | ¥25 | ¥126-200 | ||
| Urinary leakage | NO | NO | little | little |